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现在分词和过去分词的用法区别
现在分词和过去分词的用法区别
&现在分词构成:
规则变化 &原形动词结尾情况&&
,&现 在 分
词&,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
过去分词&&&&
一般情况&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+ing&
seeing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
+ed&&liked
辅音字母+y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+ing&&carrying&&&&&&&&&&&&&
y→i,+ed& carried
&重读闭音节&&&&&&&&&&
双写辅音字母,+ing& sitting
双写辅音字母,+ed&stopped &
不发音的e结尾&&&&&&&
去掉e,+ing&& having
&&&&&&&&&&&
+d&&&hated&&&
以ie结尾&&&&&&&&&&&
把ie 改为y&+ing&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&lie-- lying /tie ---tying
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&/die ---dying
&&&(不规则动词变化见变化表)&
1、一般情况+2、以不发音的“e ”结尾,去掉“e ”再+ing。3、重读闭音节4、
(一)分词的作用
?现在分词可用于:
?①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.
?②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
?③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
Falling leaves danced in the air.
&&& ?I saw
many birds flying along the river.
story is very moving.
?过去分词可用于:
?①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
?②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
?③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
?④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
&&& ?e.g. a
boy named Tom
&&& ?I saw
the girl killed with my own eyes.
interested in English.
(二)现在分词与过去分词的两大差别
1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上:现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动。
2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上:现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成。
3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提
1)弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。
&&& Wrong:
Girls frighten snakes.
&&& Right:
Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.
tire,& disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest,
frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat,
puzzle,& ect. 只能作及物动词,都有“使动”的特点,都含“使……”之义。
2)能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。
分词的逻辑主语
逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语,又可能是句中宾语,或者是句中其它成分;它既可能是动作行为的发出者,也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。
分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的,
而是“活”的----随着分词所作语法成分的不同,其逻辑主语位置也不同,所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。
(1)作状语时
&&& Seeing
the teacher come in, all the students stood up.
students是seeing的逻辑主语
&&& Heated,
expands.&&& the
metal是 heated的逻辑主语
结论:分词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子主语。
(2)作宾补时
&&& I saw him
reading last
night.&&&&
him 是reading的逻辑主语
&&& His wife
found his hair dyed black.&&
hair是 dyed的逻辑主语
结论:分词作宾补,其逻辑主语是句子宾语。
(3)作表语时
&&& The film
moving.&&&&&&&&&&&
the film是 moving的逻辑主语
visitors looked
surprised.&&&&&
visitors是surprised的逻辑主语
结论:分词作表语,其逻辑主语是句子主语。
(4)作定语时
&&& This is
an interesting
book.&&&&&&
book是 interesting的逻辑主语
&&& The moved
children looked
serious.&&&&&&&&&
&&& children是
moved的逻辑主语
结论:分词作定语,其逻辑主语是被修饰词(即中心词)。
(5)用于复合结构中时(即在独立主格中与with复合结构中)
&&& With the
task completed, we went out to take some fresh air.
&&& the task是
completed的逻辑主语
&&& It being
Sunday, they had no classes.&& it
是being的逻辑主语
结论:分词用于复合结构,逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语
附表2:分词的逻辑主语一览表
分词所作成分
分词的逻辑主语
复合结构中的逻辑主语
(三)确定分词的使用的具体步骤
(1)根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分
(2)找准逻辑主语
(3)判断主、被动关系
(4)选定现在或过去分词
1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of
A. followed&& B.
following&& C. to be
followed&& D. being followed
简析:根据语法分析可知,待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语;据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”,自然A noise
follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此,该题应选B。
2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women
until 1912.
A. first playing
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. to be first played
&&& C. first
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to be playing
简析:根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语;The
Olympic Games是动词 play 的承受者,且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此,该题选C。
3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?
speaking&&&&&&&&
spoken&&&&&&&&&&
spoken&&&&&&&&
D. to speak
简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 which is spoken
4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous
scientists.
A. invited&&
&&&&&&&&B.
invite&&&&&&&&
invited&&&&&&
D. inviting
简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 who were invited
5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign
language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written& B. to be
written&& C. being
written&& D. written
简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句which were written
(四)分词作表语
共同点:分词作表语时,它起着形容词的作用。
不同点:分词作表语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The news sounds ____.
encouraging&& B.
encouraged&& C.
encourage&& D. to encourage
简析:根据语法分析可知, sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ;The news 对于动词
encourage 来说应是主动关系,即消息鼓舞人心。因此,该题应选A。
2. --How did Bob do in the exams this time?
--Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
pleasing&&&&&&&
please&&&&&&&&&&&
pleased&&&&&&&
D. to please
简析:根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据 his father 对于动词
please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. --How did the audience receive the new play?
--They got very ____.
excite&&&&&&&&&
excited&&&&&&&&&&
excitedly&&&&&&&&
D . exciting
简析:该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
(五)分词作宾语补足语
共同点:分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语,对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点:分词作宾语补足语时,句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
lying&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
lie&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
lay&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
简析:首先,根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 再根据宾语 the man
对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. --Good morning. Can I help you?
&&& --I’d like
to have the package ____, madam.
weighed&&&&&
weighed&&&&
weigh&&&&&&&&
D. weighed
简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作宾补,补充说明宾语 再根据 the
package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此,该题应选D。
3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to make
himself ______.
understand&&& B.
understanding&& C.
understood&& D. understands
简析:该题应选C。himself是make的宾语,待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差,说出的英语别人难于听懂,也就不易被人理解。因此,这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。
4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the
air ____ against your face.
moved&&&&&&&&&&&
moving&&&&&&&&&&&
moves&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to move
简析:该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
(六)分词作状语
共同点:分词作状语时,一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点:分词作状语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ,____ to the notice.
angrily pointing
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. and point angrily
angrily pointed
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. and angrily pointing
简析:该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语,通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B ***为 and pointed
angrily 时也对。
2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.
&&& A. Not
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. Receiving not
&&& C. Not
having received
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. Having not received
简析:该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the
talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
&&& A. having
added &&& B. to
add&&&&&&&
adding&&&&&&&&&
简析:该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。
另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或 with
复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
&&& 例:The
murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
&&& A. being
tied&&&&&&
B. having tied
tied&&&&&&&
简析:很显然,待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands,而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his
hands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此,该题应选D。
综上所述,现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系,正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难,最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分----寻找逻辑主语----判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。
【模拟试题】
I. 单项选择(75%)
1. ____ the house on fire, he dialed 119.
see&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. Seeing&
seen&&&&&&&&
D. Being seen
2. I fell down and broke three of my teeth.& I
wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth
fix&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
fixing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
fixed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
3. We’re ___ to listen to her ____ voice.& It’s
___ to hear her sing.
pleasure&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. a pleasure
pleasure&&&&&&&&&&&
D. pleasure
4. ___a post office, I stopped____ some stamps.
A. Passed,
buying&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. Passing, to buy
C. Having passed,
buy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. Pass, to buy
5. ____with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain
does not seem high at all.
A. Comparing
compare&&&&&
Compared&&&&&&&&&&
D. Having compared
6. Here are some new computer programs ____for home
buildings.&
designing&&&&&&&&&&&
design&&&&&&&&&&&&&
designed&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to design
7. ____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely
save&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Saving&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Saved&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. Having saved
8. The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.
following&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. to be following
followed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. having followed
9. With the money ___, he couldn’t buy any ticket.
lose&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
losing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
lost&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. has lost
10. There was so much noise in the room that the speaker
couldn’t make himself ____.
heard&&&&&&&&
hearing&&&&&&&&&&&&
heard&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
(KEYS:1--5
BCBBC&&6--10
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