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关键行为阶段(转帖自狗吧,翻译:锦毛堂)
很棒的东西，偷过来帖了，这里对翻译者“锦毛堂”至于十二分的感谢~~~
Ctitical&Behaviour&Periods（转译）
（原文如下）摘自DPCA
Ctitical Behaviour Periods - DPCA Breeders EducationCRITICAL BEH***IOUR
&&&&&&PERIODS
Age (weeks) 3 - 14. Socialization Period. If socialized later than 14 weeks, (or between 12 – 14 weeks in some dogs) shyness or aggressiveness may dominate behaviour.
Age (weeks) 6 - 8. Optimum Socialization. If socialized earlier, shyness oftens, along with over-dependence on owner, which may lead to over-protectiveness.
Age (weeks) 8 - 10. Fear Imprint. Traumatic, fear-producing experiences may be permanently impressed causing defensive reactions in some circumstances.
Age (weeks) 12 - 14. Puberty Onset. Meaningful sexual mounting often occurs. Males display erections.
Age (weeks) 18 - 40. Protective-Aggressive. Barking at strangers and other territorial and social group protective tendencies may occur. Leg lifting may begin in males.
Age (weeks) 35 - 56. Functional. Many dogs become more serious about protective-aggressive behaviour. A general persistence in behaviour problems is noted and corrections become more difficult.
Age (weeks)104 - 208.Achievement. Protective-aggressive behaviour can become especially purposeful. Problem behaviour appears to become self-rewarding, habitual. Corrections markedly more difficult.
CRITICAL STAGES OF CANINE DEVELOPMENT
The notion of CRITICAL STAGES OF CANINE DEVELOPMENT has been well covered in both scientific and popular literature and is based primarily on the work of John Scott and J. L. Fuller in the forties, fifties, and sixties.&&Clarence&&Pfaffenberger's book NEW KNOWLEDGE OF DOG BEH***IOUR introduced these stages of development to breeders, trainers, and pet owners over 20 years ago.&&Jack and Wendy Vollhard and Richard Wolters further popularized this field by introducing puppy aptitude testing based, in part, on Scott and Fuller's findings.&&Drs. Michael Fox and Ian Dunbar, initially studying canine development and behaviour in clinical settings, have written copiously for the lay press regarding puppy socialization. Unfortunately, many other writers unfamiliar with the original research have led new puppy owners into believing that a puppy purchased at an age older than exactly 7 weeks will bond less well and be less trainable than a puppy purchased at exactly 49 days of life. This "urban myth" is most vexing to breeders as the 49th day of life may be the earliest time a puppy may leave its litter mates, but may not be the best time.&&So here to debunk some of these myths is a synopsis of the critical&& periods of puppy development from a breeder's point of view:&&
&&FIRST PERIOD - Birth to 21 days.
&&A.&&Neonatal sub period 0 - 13 day
Characteristics:&&Puppies are "foetuses out of the womb."&&They cannot see, hear, regulate their own body temperatures, or&&eliminate without stimulation and are totally dependent upon their&&dam or a surrogate mother. No emotional development, social attachment, or learning takes&&place during this period.&&Puppies' brain waves remain constant&&whether sleeping or awake.&&&&Puppies do, however, exhibit reflex&&reactions to hunger, cold, touch.&&They pile for warmth or spread out&&if too hot, but cannot regulate their own temperature by shivering or&&panting.&&During this neonatal period puppies will crawl backward and forward&&and will swing their heads from side to side, often repetitively while&&mewing or trilling.&&These movements appear to be involuntary and&&prepare pups muscles, nervous system, and inner ear for further&&development.
Breeder Do's: Keep bitch happy, healthy, and well-fed.&&Her physical and emotional well-being will supply everything the puppies need during this stage.
Handle puppies very gently&&with very slow, massaging movements.&&Very light stimulation of the nervous system (called "pre- stressing") may be beneficial when applied during the second week of life.&&This could involve rotating pups gently in your hands, applying light pressure to the ear leather, and holding each pup gently on its back for a few seconds each day.&&Pups should, of course, be weighed daily to monitor growth and this would be a good time to handle each pup.&&THIS IS NOT SOCIALIZATION OR TRAINING.&&Pre-stressing does, however, assist in developing brain cells.
Breeder Don'ts:&&Don't allow visitors (human or canine) during this period.Avoid anything that will stress the bitch (house guests, parties, home repairs, etc.)&&Also try not to move puppies or remove mother from the litter at this time.&&If the pups or dam need to see a veterinarian try to arrange&&for a home visit.&&Despite the common practice, this is not a good age to take a litter to a dog show in your van, trailer or motor home.
B.&&Transition Sub period 13-21 days:
Characteristics:&&Eyes and ears open and pups slowly begin&&responding to light, movement, and sound.&&Puppies become more&&mobile as they gain awareness of their surroundings, their mother,&&litter mates, and objects. Pups may also begin to alert to human presence during this period.&&This is still a reaction to stimuli rather than a social bond or emotional attachment.
Pups will attempt to get up on their feet, but continue crawling&&backward and&&forward.&&They may begin trying to get out of whelping box toward end of this period.
Breeder Do's:&&Introduce toys as obstacles to climb over or bump into.&&This helps pups develop spatial awareness.&&Some pups may begin briefly interacting with toys near the end of the third week.&&Continue handling pups daily using slow, massaging movements.&&Pups are growing fast and need frequent nail trimming.&&Introduce brushing with soft brush. Again, this is not training but stimulation.&&
Breeder Don'ts:&&Avoid startling pup with loud noises or sudden movements while hearing and eyesight are developing. If you must move or change puppies' environment, this is the time to do so.&&Do not remove from dam.
SECOND PERIOD - 21 to 28 DAYS
Characteristics:&&Most important period with rapid sensory development. Puppies are fully alert to their environment and will startle easily at sudden sounds and movements. During this time they are able to recognize their breeder and other significant humans by smell, sight and sound. However, they have lost the natural insulation of the neonatal period and negative events can easily imprint in basic behaviour during this period.Social bonding begins to occur during this week.
Neonatal behaviours such as head swinging, mewing and crawling back and forth stop.&&Pups are more active and moving well on their feet.&&This is a time of rapid physical change.&&There are also significant changes in brain waves during this period and pups are now able to learn from experiences and to retain what they have learned.
Breeder Do's:&&Introduce new tactile sensations in puppies' box. pups enjoy burrowing in shredded newspaper, for example, or crawling over a rolled up towel or blanket. Continue daily handling, adding new sounds and sights to the environment radio, TV, telephone, computer printer. Introduce toys that make sounds.&& Pups can be removed from the box and placed on new surfaces.&&Do this with two pups at a time rather than separating from litter.
Breeder Don'ts:&&***OID LOUD NOISES OR SUDDEN CHANGES DURING THIS PERIOD.&&Negative events can permanently imprint on pups during this week.&&Do not run vacuum cleaner around pups, blow hair dryers, run clippers, etc.&&Postpone having work done on your home and ask prospective purchasers or curious friends to wait until the end of the 4th week to visit puppies.
Do not move puppies or separate from dam during this week。
THIRD PERIOD 21 to 49 DAYS
Characteristics:&&Social awareness, learning to become dogs (note:&&first week of this critical stage of development overlaps with second period of development).&&Play fighting behaviour becomes increasingly intense.&&Pups are developing problem solving abilities, physical co-ordination, bite inhibition. Mother begins weaning pups during this period, those beginning to initiate discipline.&&During this time puppies will begin to move to the far corners of their bed, box, or pen to urinate and defecate.&&House breaking can begin!
Breeder Do's:&&During entire period leave pups together as litter and allow dam free access to pups.
During 4th week (21-28 days) introduce food to pups without removing dam.&&You can feed her in the litter box at the same time.&&Begin escalating sensory experiences (see notes on second critical period).&&Continue daily handling by breeder and family members.
During 5th week (28-35 days) introduce pups to the outdoors. Take them outside to urinate and defecate after waking or eating.&&When this is not possible provide pups with a designated bathroom spot to begin their housebreaking. Begin handling pups individually away from litter mates and dam for at least 10 minutes each day.&&Enlist the help of family members, friends, neighbour and prospective puppy owners in this process.&&If you cannot handle 10 minutes. each do, do 5 minutes.&&Daily experiences away from litter mates are crucial.
During 6th and 7th weeks (35-49 days) increase sensory experiences with brief car rides.&&Introduce pups to vacuum cleaner.&&Puppies can begin simple training routines using food lures and social attraction at this time.&&Start teaching pups to stand on grooming table to be examined or to be brushed. This is the prime socialization period.&&Introduce new people, especially&& children.&&Pups enjoy interaction with a gentle adult dog kindly auntie or uncle who will baby-sit with patience.Introduce situations that will stimulate problem solving behaviour - tunnels,&& cardboard boxes, gates, steps, fences, logs, etc.&&Allow pups to have successes and reinforce these successes with food.
&& Breeder Don'ts:&&DO NOT REMOVE PUPPIES FROM LITTER DURING THIS PERIOD!&&Do not completely remove mother.&&Do not correct for play fighting, housebreaking errors, or mouthing.
FOURTH PERIOD 49 DAYS TO 12 WEEKS
Characteristics:&& Enlarging social awareness and bonding outside of litter. Mental abilities are fully formed but pups lack experience.&&This is the optimum time to teach new things and is, in fact, the period of fastest learning. Research has shown that behaviours can be shaped and modified most easily during times when learning is occurring most quickly.&&Training during&& this time will actually increase the capacity to learn by increasing brain cells in the appropriate regions of the brain. Bladder and bowel control developed and pups are capable of sleeping through the night without an accident.
Breeder Do's:&&Greatly enlarge the puppies' world between 49 and 56 days.&&Begin puppy rotation, playing and sleeping in smaller groups.&& Pups that&& remain with breeder can be crated with one or two other pups.&&Be sure to switch puppies around. Continue individual grooming, play and training sessions with each pup.&&Gentle but firm discipline from humans may be begun.&&Begin teaching response to simple commands such as sit, down, stand, come, walk on lead at this time.
Breeder Don'ts:&&Do not isolate from humans or unnecessarily restrain during this period (only restraints should be crate or necessary fencing).&&Avoid inadvertently reinforcing fearful responses. NOTE:&&FIRST FEAR IMPRINT PERIOD OCCURS BETWEEN 8-10 WEEKS. ***OID PLACING PUPS DURING THIS TIME.&&***OID SHIPPING PUPS, EAR CROPPING TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES.
Pups that have been properly socialized and bonded with breeder can be successfully placed at 10-12 weeks after they have passed the first fear imprint period and while they are still young enough to be "babies."
FIFTH PERIOD 3 to 4 MONTHS
Characteristics:&&Dominance period where pup solidifies social position.&&Pups will begin testing their place in the world during this time.&&The tend to become emboldened. This is a period of very fast physical growth.
Breeder/Owner Do's:&&Pups must be treated as individual dogs.&&If they are still with breeder they should no longer be treated as part of a litter and should sleep alone in individual crates at night and all training and grooming sessions should be individual.
Introduce behavioural dominance exercises.&&"Alphabetize" yourself and your family - feed pup after you eat, move crate to different locations so pup doesn't become site protective, take food and toys away from pup while eating or playing. Continue socialization and obedience training providing slight distractions.&&TEACH THE RECALL AND PRACTICE IT SEVERAL TIMES EVERY SINGLE DAY!!!! Do this before pup enters the "flight period" at about 16 weeks.
Breeder/Owner Don'ts:&&No tug of war games.&&Do not allow pup to sleep in bed with humans.&&Absolutely forbid all chasing games with children. VERY, VERY IMPORTANT NOTE;&&DO NOT RAISE LITTER MATES OR TWO UNRELATED PUPPIES TOGETHER DURING THIS PERIOD!!!
SIXTH PERIOD - 4 to 6 MONTHS
Characteristics:&&The flight period, corresponding to teething.&&Pups begin testing limits.&&May attempt to assert dominance over human pack members (especially children). May "forget" housebreaking.
This period is characterized by independence and wilfulness.&&Owner or breeder is no longer Mommy substitute.
Breeder/Owner Do's:&&Keep pup on lead when outside fenced enclosures.&&Continue recall training and response to commands.&&Continue dominance exercises and handling all parts of pups body.
Breeder/Owner Don'ts:&& Do not let pup off lead if at all possible.&&Do not chase pup or play chasing games.
SECOND FEAR IMPRINT PERIOD 6 to 14 MONTHS
Characteristics:&&Sexual maturity, hormonal changes. Fearfulness of new situations, objects, people, other dogs. Male dogs begin lifting legs. Some individuals will pass through this periods faster than others, often with no noticeable problems.&&Others may display marked changes in behaviour in strange situations.
Reinforce the do not reinforce fearfulness by coddling or protective behaviour.&&But also try to avoid punishing fearfulness.&&Try to adopt a firm but patient and kindly attitude to the pup's fearful behaviour. Continue socialization to humans and other dogs.&&Avoid or postpone extremely stressful or traumatic experiences for animals that appear to be in this fear imprint period.
Note:&& This primer on critical stages of development is an attempt to consolidate information appearing in a variety of publications from a number of authors, and to tailor that information specifically to the needs of breeders.
Remember that consistency and PRAISE are the key words here.
written by Carol Kufner, Winwood German Shepherds
submitted by Judy Bohnert, Equinox Dobermans, CA.
关键行为阶段
——DPCA（美国杜宾犬俱乐部）繁殖者教育：关键行为阶段
3-14周龄 社会化期&&如果社会化晚于14周，（一些狗或者在12~14周左右）羞怯或者攻击性可能成为主导行为。
6~8周龄 最佳社会化期&&如果社会化早，经常会显现羞怯，伴随过分地依恋主人和过分的保护欲。
8~10周龄 恐惧印记期&&外伤、恐惧经历可能永久性地留下烙印导致在特定条件下产生不自主的防御性反应。
12~14周龄&&青春期开始期&&经常出现性含义的爬跨行为。公犬出现勃起。
18~40周龄&&防卫—侵略性行为形成期&&在这个期间可能会发生：朝陌生人吠叫和其他表现领地意识和保护团体倾向性行为。公犬可能开始抬腿排小便。
35~56周龄&&作用（功能）期&&很多狗在护卫——攻击行为上表现更加认真、严厉。陈旧性行为问题被发现而矫正却变得更加困难。
104~208周龄 定型期&&护卫——攻击行为将变得目的性特别强。问题行为开始显现习惯性后果。矫正问题行为明显更加困难。
犬类发育的关键阶段
第一阶段&&出生到21天龄
特征：幼犬从子宫诞生。它们还不能看、听，不能自我调节身体的温度，没有外来刺激的帮助不能排便，完全依赖母犬或“代理母亲”。在这个阶段，没有感情发展、社会性接触和学习行为的发生。无论睡眠还是清醒的状态，幼犬的脑电波都保持着恒定。对于饥饿、寒冷和触摸，幼犬所为，只是反射的作用。它们依偎在一起取暖；太热的时候就会散开，但是不能用颤抖和喘息来调节自己的体温。在这个哺乳时期，幼犬会爬前爬后，左右摆动头部，发出象猫叫声或颤音反复动作。这些自然而然的动作，锻炼着幼犬的肌肉、神经系统，促进内耳的发育。
繁殖者要做的：保持哺乳母犬性情愉快、健康，营养全面的饮食。她的身心的良好状态能为这个阶段的幼犬提供所需的一切。
拿起幼犬的时候动作要非常慢、轻柔小心。出生两周后的幼犬来，对其神经系统轻微的刺激是有益的：用手轻柔地翻转幼犬的身体，轻轻地按压耳朵的皮肤，每天托着脊背把幼犬抱起几分钟。幼犬当然应该每天体重都在增加，这是一个抱每只幼犬非常好的阶段。这不是适合社会化时期或者训练的时期。预加压力的作用可以辅助脑细胞的发育。
繁殖者要做的：在这个时期谢绝参观者。杜绝任何可能给哺乳母犬带来压力的事情（访客、聚会、房屋修理，等等。）同时还要尽量不要移动幼犬或把母犬带离幼子。如果幼犬或哺乳母犬需要看兽医，尽量安排兽医上门提供服务。回避公共场合的活动，这不是用你的篷车、拖车或房车带一只幼犬到犬展会场上的好阶段。
&&&&13~21天 过度期
特征：眼睛和耳朵都张开了，幼犬慢慢开始对光线、动作和声音有了反应。当幼犬意识到环境——它们的妈妈、幼犬伙伴和其他的物体的存在，变得更加好动。在这个时期，幼犬也可能会对人的存在产生恐惧。这仍然是对刺激的反应而不是社会化结果和情感的接触。
幼犬会努力站立起来，但仍然爬行前后移动。到这个时期结束，它们可能会努力爬出产箱。
繁殖者要做的：把玩具当成障碍物放进去供幼犬攀爬或顶拱。这可以帮助幼犬培养空间意识。一些幼犬可能在第三周结束的时候，会开始和玩具有短暂的互动。在这个阶段，每天继续轻柔地抱抱幼犬。幼犬成长得非常快需要经常的刷理。用软刷子刷理。同样的，这个时期除了刺激外不适合训练。
繁殖者忌讳做的：在听觉和视觉发育的过程中，杜绝大声和突然的动作惊吓幼犬。如果你必须要改变幼犬的环境，这个时期可以去做了。不要把幼犬带离哺乳母犬。
&&&&第二个阶段&&21~28天龄
&&&&特征：感官快速发育的重要阶段。幼犬对环境充满了警觉，很容易因突然的声音和动作受到惊吓。在这个期间它们已经能够认识繁殖者和其他经常以温和方式出现的人。无论如何，它们失去了哺乳阶段的自然免疫能力。在这个阶段，负面的事件能轻易地在基本行为上留下印记。在这一周，社会影响开始发生作用。
哺乳阶段类似头部摇摆、呻吟和爬前爬后的行为停止了。幼犬更加好动而且走起来自如了许多。这个阶段身体快速变化。这个阶段脑电波也还是出现明显的变化，幼犬现在能够从经验学习并记住它们学到的东西。
繁殖者要做的：给幼犬箱引入新的触觉感受。例如，幼犬喜欢在碎报纸中钻来钻去，或者，在卷起的毛巾或毯子上爬。继续每天抱它们，在环境里加入新的声音和光线。可以把幼犬抱离开箱子放到和以往不同的平面上。把两只幼犬一起抱出来要比单独带一只要好很多。
繁殖者忌讳做的：在这个期间杜绝大噪音或者突然的变化。.在这一周，负面的事件可能会持久地影响幼犬。不要在幼犬附近使用吸尘器、吹风筒、电动剔须刀等等噪音大的电器。推迟家庭工作。要求预约的客户或好奇的朋友，至少等到幼犬四周大以后再参观幼犬。在本周内不要移动幼犬或者把它们和哺乳母犬分开。
第三个阶段 21~49天龄
特征：社会意识萌发，学习成为犬（注意：这个关键阶段第一周的发育和第二个阶段的发育重叠）。逐渐热衷玩耍进攻游戏。幼犬开始学习问题的解决能力，身体协调能力，啃咬抑制。母犬在这个阶段开始警告幼犬，用来教授规则。在这个阶段，幼犬开是跑到它们的床、箱子或围栏的角落排便。定点排便可以开始了！
繁殖者要做的：在整个阶段中让幼犬象刚出生一样待在一起，允许母犬自由进出幼犬的区域。
在第4周（21-28天）期间，不用移动母犬，开始给幼犬提供食物。你可以在幼犬箱里同时喂母犬和她的孩子。开始逐步加强感官体验（参看第二阶段的注意事项）。繁殖者和他的家庭成员继续每天抱抱幼犬。
在第5周（28~35天）的时候可以把幼犬带到户外。如果这样不能为幼犬提供一个象卫生间那样的地点开始它们的定点排便，在它们散步或进食后，把它们带到外面排泄粪便。开始每天把幼犬单独地抱出来，离开它的伙伴和母亲至少10分钟。在这个过程中可以请家庭成员、朋友、邻居或幼犬未来的主人提供帮助。10分钟做不到，那就5分钟。每天离开伙伴和母犬的经历是非常重要的。
在第6至7周（35~49天）增加短暂乘车的感官体验。让幼犬靠近吸尘器。这时可以用食物或其他有吸引力的东西，对幼犬开始简单的常规训练。开始训练幼犬站在美容台上接受检查或者接受刷理。这是一个前社会化阶段。多接触陌生人，特别是孩子。幼犬乐意和表现绅士、友好、容让的成年犬叔叔、犬阿姨接触，这样会刺激行为问题的改善——管道，厚纸板箱，门，阶梯，围栏，标杆等等。鼓励幼犬通过，用食物增加其成就感。
繁殖者忌讳做的：在这个期间不把幼犬带离崽群！没有完全把母犬移开。幼犬没有正确玩耍进攻游戏，定位排便错误，或者吃屎。
第四个阶段 49天~12周龄
特征：扩大社会性接触，脱离崽群时加以约束。精神能力已经完全构成，但幼犬还没有经验。这是一个教授新东西的最佳时间。是的，幼犬的确在这个时期学东西最快。研究表明：在学东西最快的时期，行为最容易被塑造和规范。这段时期的训练，伴随着相应区域脑细胞的增加，客观上很好地提高了学习的能力。膀胱和肠道控制能力得到发育，幼犬可以睡一整晚而不发生“事故”——排泄。
繁殖者要做的：在49~56天期间，尽可能扩大幼犬活动的区域。几只犬分成小组，轮流游戏和睡眠。繁殖者保留的幼犬可以和其他的幼犬待在一起。保持和其他幼犬的接触。每只犬继续单独刷理，玩耍和训练程序。人的态度要温和而约束严明。开始训练对如“坐”、“卧”、“站”、“来”、“走”等简单口令的反应。
繁殖者忌讳做的：在这个期间，不要把幼犬和人隔离或者采取不必要的活动限制（只需要必须的犬箱或者围栏）。避免孤立加剧的恐惧反应。注意：第一个恐惧印记周期是字8~10周。期间，避免摆置幼犬；避免修剪、裁耳等创伤经历。
当它们度过第一个恐惧印记期，10~12周，虽然还是小BABY，妥善地完成社会化的幼犬可以让繁殖者顺利地摆置。
第五个阶段 3~4月龄
特征：随着社会地位的确立，幼犬产生支配欲的时期。幼犬开始尝试拥有自己的地盘。这种趋向变的大胆。这个时期，身体发育得非常快。
繁殖者/主人要做的：要象对待一只独立的成犬一样对待幼犬。如果它们仍然还和繁殖者一起生活，不应再和其他的幼犬生活在一起，晚上应该单独睡在独立的窝里，并且所有的训练和护理过程都应该单独进行。
开始行为支配练习。把你自己和你的家人列入高等级的地位——在你们吃完饭后再喂幼犬；在它们进餐和玩耍的时候，不时将它们的食物和玩具拿走。
繁殖者/主人忌讳做的：在争斗游戏中不要用力。不允许游犬和人一起睡在床上。绝对禁止幼犬和孩子之间的追逐游戏。特别特别注意的是：在这个期间，不要把同窝的幼犬堆叠在一起或者把两只陌生的幼犬放在一起。
第六个阶段&&4~6个月龄
特征：伴随出牙期的争斗期。幼犬尝试划界。
可能会试图越位支配人类家庭成员（特别对于孩子）。可能“忘掉了”在指定地点排便。
这个阶段以独立性和野性的彰显为特征。在幼犬的心目中，主人或繁殖者已不再是“妈眯”的替身了。
繁殖者/主人要做的：幼犬在围栏外的活动，保持处于被牵引的状态。继续召唤训练和经常触摸幼犬身体的任何部位。
繁殖者/主人忌讳做的：不要在任何情况下让幼犬脱离牵引。不要追逐幼犬或玩相互追逐的游戏。
第二个恐惧印记期&&6~14月龄
特征：性成熟，荷尔蒙发生变化。对新的环境、物体、人或其他的狗产生恐惧。公犬开始抬后腿排小便。一些犬毫不被察觉出异状，和大多数的犬相比，它们很快地度过了这个阶段。而也有些犬在这个阶段的行为变化异常地突出。
注意你的行为方式：一方面，过分的溺爱和保护行为会强化犬的恐惧；另一方面，也要避免惩罚导致的恐惧。努力以严格而耐心、友好的态度对待幼犬的恐惧表现。继续带犬参加和陌生人及犬接触的社会活动。在这个恐惧印记期，尽可能避免和减缓动物出现带来特别的压力和创伤经历。
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