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tourism (n.)1.the business of providing services to tourists"Tourism is a major business in Bermuda"
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tourism (n.)
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[ClasseParExt.][ClasseParExt.][ClasseHyper.][Classe][Classe][Thème][Domaine][Domaine][Domaine][Domaine] - [Hyper.] -
- [Dérivé][Desc][ClasseHyper.][Domaine][Domaine][Hyper.][Dérivé] tourism (n.)?
EUROVOC→ o
This article is about travel.
For other uses of Tourism and Tourist, see .
Summer Visitors by
Common sights of
tourism: Guidebooks, train ticket, money and passport.
Tourism is
purposes. The
defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2011, there were over 983 million international tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 4.6% when compared to 940 million in 2010. International tourism receipts (the travel item of the ) grew to US$1.03 trillion (EUR740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in
of 3.8% from 2010. In 2011, international
continued to recover from the losses resulting from the , where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007. The negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the , resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.
Tourism is important and in some cases vital for many countries, such as , , , , , the , the , , , and , and many , such as , , , ,
and the . It brings in large amounts of income in payment for
available, accounting for 30% of the world's
of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates opportunities for
in the , associated with tourism. These service industries include , such as , , such as , and entertainment venues, such as , , ,
Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived from the , 'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning ' the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix -ism is defined as ' typical behaviour or quality', while the suffix, -ist denotes 'one that performs a given action'. When the word tour and the suffixes -ism and -ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist."
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to
and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to
outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.
In 1994, the
classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:
Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.
Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.
Main article:
In 2011, there were 983 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 4.6% as compared to 2010.
reports the following ten countries as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers. In 2011,
overtook the
to become the sixth most visited country.
International
International
77.1 million
79.5 million
North America
59.8 million
62.3 million
55.7 million
57.6 million
52.7 million
56.7 million
43.6 million
46.1 million
27.0 million
29.3 million
28.3 million
29.2 million
26.9 million
28.4 million
24.6 million
24.7 million
North America
23.3 million
23.4 million
International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion (EUR740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. The
reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2011, with the
by far the top earner.
International
North America
$116.3 billion
$59.9 billion
$53.8 billion
$48.5 billion
$43.0 billion
$38.8 billion
$35.9 billion
$31.4 billion
$27.8 billion (2010)
$27.2 billion
reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2011.
International
Expenditures
$84.3 billion
North America
$79.1 billion
$72.6 billion
$50.6 billion
$41.7 billion
North America
$33.0 billion
$32.5 billion
$28.7 billion
$27.2 billion
$26.9 billion
Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international visitors by selected year
International
(millions)
Year/Notes
2011 (Extrapolation, excluding outer suburbs visitors)
2011 (May include same-day visitors)
2011 (Projection, may include same-day visitors)
2010 (Excluding Malaysian citizens arriving by land)
2011 (Only hotel guests)
2011 (Excluding Mainland Chinese visitors)
2011 (Only hotel and hotel apartment guests)
2011 (May include same-day visitors)
Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, , experience new cultures and to taste different . Long ago, at the time of the , places such as
were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. In 1936, the
defined foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the , amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.
Englishman in the
Leisure travel was associated with the
in the  - the first European country to promote
to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new .
was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In , , one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the , the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in , old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic - reflecting the dominance of
customers.
Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature often visited are:
in , , , , the , ,
the various
tropical islands,
in the , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
See also:  and
Although it is acknowledged that the Swiss were not the inventors of skiing, it is well documented that ,
became the cradle of the devel since that year of 1865 in St. Moritz, when many daring hotel managers choose to risk opening their hotels in winter. It was, however, only in the
when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts. Even in winter, portions of up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non-skiers.
are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ), , the
(e.g. Colorado, California, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire) , , , , and .
Reisepl?ne (Travel plans) by
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the
of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the , the first
in the European style were at ,
In , early resorts included: , popularis
() and , founded in 1793, as the first seaside resort on the .
For a more comprehensive list, see .
Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics. Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:
There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialised holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted .
The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as ,
have made many types of tourism more affordable. On April 28, 2009 The Guardian noted that "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time." There have also been changes in lifestyle, for example some retirement-age people sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by
of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer , in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the
to , such as in
and several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004, a tsunami, caused by the , hit the
on the , including the . Thousands of lives were lost including many tourists. This, together with the vast
operations, stopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time.
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.
Main article:
"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes,
and life support systems." ()
implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (, 1987)
Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities and includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning. It also involves integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an 'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the '' and '' approaches to tourism planning, neither of which consider the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination.
However, Butler questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of tourism, citing its ambiguity and stating that "the emerging sustainable development philosophy of the 1990s can be viewed as an extension of the broader realization that a preoccupation with economic growth without regard to its social and environmental consequences is self-defeating in the long term." Thus 'sustainable tourism development' is seldom considered as an autonomous function of economic regeneration as separate from general economic growth.
Main article:
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps
provides fu directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment
and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights.
Main article:
Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those inv the issue has been addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists. Research by the
suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) e successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in
and cultural tourism in , .
Main article:
Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by American entrepreneur
(2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.
Main article:
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in , ,
and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. ), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
Main article:
Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment.[] In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in
and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
Main article:
Creative tourism has existed as a form of , since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the , which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the , including cultural and crafts tourism, known as . They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the
of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as , who through the , have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged,
experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a .[]
More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.
One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as . This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of , for example: . Dark tourism remains a small , driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.
Main article:
Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this emerging trend involves traveling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of , the melting glaciers of , The coral of the ) before it is too late. Identified by travel trade magazine
editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in 2007 and later explored in , this type of tourism is believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to
due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global warming, over population or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual’s
and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.
(UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 %. With the advent of , tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet.[] Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.
It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context. Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their . This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.
is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a
Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on
airplanes or large .[] Underwater hotels, such as , expected to open in
in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps .[]
Main article:
Since the late 1980s,
has become increasingly popular. Events such as rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian Games and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions.
The focus on sport and spreading knowledge on the subject, especially more so recently, lead to the increase in the sport tourism. Most notably, the international event such as the Olympics caused a shift in focus in the audience who now realize the variety of sports that exist in the world. In the United States, one of the most popular sports that usually are focused on was Football. This popularity was increased through major events like the World Cups. In Asian countries, the numerous soccer events also increased the popularity of soccer. But, it was the Olympics that brought together the different sports that lead to the increase in sport tourism. The drastic interest increase in sports in general and not just one sport caught the attention of travel companies, who then began to sell flights in packages. Due to the low number of people who actually purchase these packages than predicted, the cost of these packages plummeted initially. As the number start to rise slightly the packages increased to regain the lost profits. With the certain economic state, the number of purchases decreased once again. The fluctuation in the number of packages sold was solely dependent on the economic situation, therefore, most travel companies were forced to set aside the plan to execute the marketing of any new package features.
As a result of the , international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight months of 2008. This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reported a slowdown, with room occupancy declining. In 2009 worldwide tourism arrivals decreased by 3.8%. However, evidence suggests that tourism as a global phenomena shows no signs of substantially abating in the long term. Much literature, especially that following the
paradigm, suggests that travel is necessary in order to maintain relationships, as social life is increasingly networked and conducted at a distance.
For many vacations and travel are increasingly being viewed as a necessity rather than a luxury, and this is reflected in tourist numbers recovering some 6.6% globally over 2009, with growth up to 8% in emerging economies.
. World Tourism Organization. 1995. p. 14. .
(Press release). UNWTO. 07 May 2012. .
. UNWTO. June 2012. .
. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer () 7 (1). January 2009. .
. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (). August 2010. .
Theobald, William F. (1998).
(2nd ed.). Oxford [England]: . pp. 6-7.  .  . .
; Krapf, K (1942) (in German). Grundriss Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre. Zurich: Polygr. Verl.  .
(1998). "Geschichte der Tourismuswissenschaft". In Haedrich, Günther (in German). Tourismus-management: Tourismus-marketing Und Fremdenverkehrsplanung. Berlin: [u.a.] de Gruyter.  .  .
Beaver, Allan (2002). A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 313.  .  .
International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism. . .
. Statistical Papers. M (New York: United Nations) (83): 5. 1994. .
. World Tourism Barometer. UNWTO. May 2012. .
. Tourism in Paris: Key Figures. Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau. 2012. .
. International Passenger Survey, Office for National Statistics. London and partners. 2012. .
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. . March 2012. .
. Dubai Department of Tourism & Commerce Marketing. 2012. .
; Griffiths, G. E. (1772). .
(London: Printed for R. Griffiths) 46: 150. .
Singh, L. K. (2008). . Fundamental of Tourism and Travel. Delhi: Isha Books. p. 189.  . .
. Tradition & History. : Kulm Hotel. .
. Graubünden Tourism Switzerland. .
Lew, Alan A. (2008). . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 25 (3-4): 409-419. :. .
. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.
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. 42/187. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. . 11 December 1987. .
Jonathan Mitchel (2009). . Overseas Development Institute. .
Wurzburger, R et al (2009). Creative Tourism: A Global Conversation: How to Provide Unique Creative Experiences for Travelers Worldwide: As Presented at the 2008 Santa Fe & UNESCO International Conference on Creative Tourism in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press.  .  .
Quinion, Michael (26 November 2005). . World Wide Words. .
Lennon, J. J Foley, Malcolm (2000). Dark Tourism. London: Continuum.  .  .
Cooper, C et al (2005). Tourism: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). Harlow: .  .  .
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(M.P.A. thesis). Texas State University-San Marcos.  . Docket Applied Research Projects. Paper 308. .
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