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你可能喜欢成形极限图（FLD）
分类： 板料成形 |
标签： |举报 |字号大中小 订阅
（一） FLD试验主题内容与适用范围
本标准规定了金属薄板成形极限图（forming limit diagram，编写fld）的实验室测定方法。本标准适用于厚度0.2～3.0mm的金属薄板。
（二）FLD试验单位、符号与名称
（三）FLD试验原理
1 在实验室条件下测定成形极限图时，通常采用刚性凸模对试样进行胀形的方法，必要时可辅以拉伸试验和液压胀形试验。
2 刚性凸模胀形试验时，将一侧表面制有网格圆的试样置于凹模与压边圈之间，利用压边力压紧拉深筋以外的试样材料，试样中部在凸模力作用下产生胀形变形并形成凸包（见图1），其表面上的网格圆发生畸变，当凸包上某个局部产生缩颈或破裂时，停止试验，测量缩颈区（或缩颈区附近）或破裂区附近的网格圆长轴和短轴尺寸，由此计算金属薄板允许的局部表面极限主应变量（e1、e2）或（ε1、ε2）。
注：表面应变指平行于板料平面的二维应变，本标准中的（e1、e2）表示表面工程极限主应变量，（ε1、ε2）表示表面真实极限主应变量。
3 使用下述两种方法可以获得不同应变路径下的表面极限主应变量。 3.l 改变试样与凸模接触面间润滑条件：
主要用来测定成形极限图的右半部分（双拉变形区，即e1＞0、e2≥0或ε1＞0、ε2≥0），如果在试样与凸模之间加衬合适厚度的橡胶（或橡皮）薄垫，可以比较方便地获得接近于等双拉应变状成态（e1＝e2或ε1＝ε2）下的表面极限应变量，通常，不同的润滑条件选择地越多，度验确定的成形极限图越可靠。
3.2 采用不同宽度的试样
主要用来测定成形极限图的左半部分（拉－压变形区，即e1＞0、e2≤0或ε1＞0、ε2≤0），如果试样宽度选择地合适，可以获得接近于单向拉伸应变状态（e1＝-2e2或ε1＝-2ε2）和平面应变状态（e2＝0或ε2＝0）下的表面极限应变量，通常，试样的宽度规格越多，试验确定的成形极限图越可靠。
注：试样长宽尺寸接近时，极限应变量也有可能位于成形极限图的右半部双拉变形区内。 （四）FLD试样
1 根据试验装置特点和试验原理确定试样尺寸、形状和数量。如果使用本标准“网格的***与模具中2.1”条推荐的凸模尺寸，则推荐使用边长180mm的方形（或内接圆直径180mm的正多边形，或直径180mm
的圆形）试样和宽度分别为160、140、120 100、80、60、40和20mm的矩形试样（长度可根据试验装置自行确定）。
2 按gb/t 15825.2第“试样准备”规定制备试样，并记录试样实测厚度。
3 为了防止窄条短形试样在拉深筋处开裂，允许仿效板料拉伸试验试样将其形状改为中部稍窄、两端稍宽的阶梯形状。
（五）试验装置与试验机
1 按gb/t 15825.2中“试验装置与试验机准备”第1条规定准备试验装置，如果使用本标准 “网络圆的***与模具中2.1”条推荐的凸模尺寸，要求满足以下技术条件：
a．在工作行程内，凸模与凹模中心线应重合，其偏差不大于0.15mm；
b．试验装置应能对试样定位，试样中心与凸模中心线偏差不大于0.5mm。 2 按gb/t 15825.2中“试验装置与试验机准备”第2条规定准备试验机。 （六）测量与计算
1 用于测量和计算表面极限应变量的网格圆称为临界网格圆。
2 确定试样上一点的表面极限应变量时，原则上应通过测量缩颈区临界网格圆的直径变化进行计算，但从工程应用的观点出发，亦允许在缩颈区或破裂区附近选择临界网格圆进行测量，近似计算试样上一点的表面极限应变量。
3 从工程应用观点出发，推荐用下述方法选择临界网格圆：
a．将位于缩颈区、但未破裂的网格圆作为临界网格圆；
b．将紧靠缩颈或裂纹的网格圆作为临界网格圆；
c．将与缩颈或裂纹横贯其中部之网格圆相邻的网格圆作为临界网格圆。 4 选择临界网格圆时，应注意下述事项：
a．临界网格圆的个数不宜选择过多（通常可取三个），并应尽可能相邻或靠近，且彼此之间相应的测量差值不大于10％；
b．为了保持试验结果的一致性，必须使用同一种临界网格圆选择方法进行测量、计算和标绘成形极限图。
5 试样表面上网格圆畸变后的形状如图1所示，畸变后网格圆的长轴记作d1、短轴记作d2、并将d1和d2近似视为试样平面内一点上的两个主应变方向。
6 测量临界网格圆的长、短轴成d1和d2时，可以使用读数显微镜、测量显微镜、投影仪或专门设计的测量工具、检测装置等。
7 根据测量结果，按公式（1）、（2）计算试样的表面极限应变。
（七）FLD试验程序与操作方法
1 按本标准第“试样”和“网络圆的***与模具中1.1～1.5”规定准备试样。
2 按gb/t 15825.2中“模具准备第2、试验装置与试验机准备1.2、2.2、2.3”条规定，对模具、试验装置和试验机进行清洗、检查和润滑。
3 进行预试验。
4 进行正式试验，试验前放置试样时，应将试样上制有网格圆的一面贴靠凹模。试验过程中应保证将试样压紧，直至试样上发生局部缩颈或破裂为止。
5 对于同一尺寸规格和相同润滑方式的试样进行3次以上有效重复试验。 6 出现下述任一情况，试验无效：
a．试样的缩颈或破裂发生在凹模孔口附近；
b．使用不同宽度的试样时，试样侧边发生撕裂；
c．试样在拉深筋附近破裂；
d．选不出合适的临界网格圆。
7 测量临界网格圆的长、短轴尺寸，并计算表面极限应变量。 （八）绘制FLD图
1 以表面应变e2（或ε2）为横坐标、表面应变e1（或ε1）为纵坐标，建立表面应变坐标系。在e1－e2坐标系中，习惯将e2和e1的分度比例取为2：1（图1b），而在ε2－ε1坐标系中两者分度一般相同。
2 将试验测定的表面极限应变量（e1、e2）或（ε1、ε2）标绘在表面应变坐标系中（参见图1）。
3 根据表面极限应变量在坐标系中的分布特征，将它们连成适当的曲线（图1a）或构成条带形区域（图1b），即成形极限曲线（flc）。
（九）试验报告
1 试验报告格式自行设计。 2 试验报告应包括下述主要内容。
a．试验材料的规格、牌号和状态；
b．试样实测厚度；
c．试验方法：按gb/t15825.8；
d．模具、包括凸模直径、凹模内径、拉深筋尺寸，凸模、凹模、压边圈的材料及硬度；
e．试样的尺寸规格；
f．试样与凸模接触面间的润滑条件；
g．相同尺寸规格和相同润滑条件下的有效试样个数；
h．网格圆初始直径；
i．临界网格圆选择方法；
j．测量方法；
k．试验机；
1．试验的测量和计算结果：包括 d1、d2)，（e1、e2）或（ε1、ε2）；
m．试验日期。Abdelkader
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cyclotomiques
d'Alembert
d'Alembert's
d'automorphismes
d'hamiltoniens
d'hypersurfaces
d'interpolation
d'objectifs
deOliveira
defectless
definability
dentability
determinantal
diffeomorphic
diffeomorphism
diffeomorphisms
diffractive
diffusions
diophantine
disconjugacy
discontinu
discriminants
disfocality
disjointness
dismantlable
dissections
divisibility
divisorial
ductibilit
effacements
eigenfunctions
eigenvectors
electrophoretic
elliptiques
embeddability
embeddable
embeddings
endomorphism
endomorphisms
epimorphism
epimorphisms
epireflections
equational
equiaffinities
equicharacteristic
equicontinuity
equicontinuous
equidistribution
equivariant
ergodicity
exactement
explicites
exponentiality
exponentials
extendability
extendable
extraspecial
extremality
factorable
factoriality
factorisation
factorizable
factorized
feuilletages
fibrations
filtrations
finitelygenerated
fonctionnel
fonctionnelle
fonctionnelles
formellement
fragmentable
functionals
functorially
generalisation
generalised
geodesically
gligeables
hamiltonian
harmonique
helicoidal
hereditarily
holmorphic
holomorphe
holomorphic
holomorphy
homeomorphic
homological
homologically
homologies
homomorphic
homothetic
homotopical
homotopically
hyperadjugates
hyperbolicity
hypercentral
hypercentre
hypercovering
hypercubic
hypercyclic
hyperelliptic
hyperelliptiques
hyperfinite
hyperfunction
hypergeometric
hypergraph
hypergraphs
hypergroup
hypergroups
hyperplane
hyperplanes
hypersurface
hypersurfaces
hypoellipticity
idempotents
implicational
imprimitivity
indecomposable
indecomposables
indeterminates
indicatrices
indicatrix
indistinguishability
inequalites
inequalitiy
infectivity
inflexions
injectively
injectives
injectivity
integrability
integrality
interpolatory
invertibles
irrationalities
irreducibility
irreducibles
isochrones
isometries
isomorphically
isoparametric
isoperimetric
isospectral
journalabbrev
l'Hospital
l'annulation
l'approximation
l'enlacement
l'ensemble
l'interpolation
leglengths
lemniscate
linearization
linkedness
lipschitziennes
localement
localizations
martingales
mathematization
maximality
meromorphic
metabelian
metacyclic
metanilpotent
metaplectic
metastable
metrizability
metrizable
metrization
monstration
multidirectional
multiformes
multifunctions
multilinear
multinomial
multiparameter
multipoint
multipolar
multiquadratic
multiquadratiques
multisublinear
multivalued
multivariable
neighbourhood
neighbours
nilmanifolds
nilpotence
nilpotency
nilpotently
nilpotents
noetherian
nombrables
nonarchimedean
noncentral
noncommutative
noncompact
noncompactness
noncompatibility
noncomplementary
nonconnective
nondecreasing
nondegenerate
nondeterminism
nondoubling
nonemptiness
nonexpansive
nonextinction
nonfinitely
nonhomogeneous
nonidentity
nonisometric
nonisomorphic
nonisomorphism
nonlinearities
nonmetrizable
nonnegatively
nonorientable
nonoverlapping
nonparallel
nonparametric
nonpolynomial
nonpositive
nonpositively
nonreciprocal
nonrecurrent
nonresidues
nonseparable
nonseparating
nonsingular
nonsurjective
nontangential
nonvanishing
omorphismes
orderability
ordinaires
orientable
orthogonalizing
ortholattice
orthomodular
osculating
overconvergent
overgroups
paracompact
paracompactness
paracontact
parallelohedra
parameterized
parametrizations
parametrized
particules
particulier
partiellement
permanental
permutable
plurisubharmonic
polycyclic
polynomiality
polynomially
polynomiaux
polystable
polyverbal
ponctuelle
ponctuellements
precompact
preenvelope
preenveloping
prefrattini
premeasure
prenilpotent
preordering
presheaves
probabilit
progenerator
programmation
projectives
projectivity
pseudoconcave
pseudoconvex
pseudodifferential
pseudointersection
pseudometric
pseudopolyhedra
pseudoreflection
purifiables
quasianalytic
quasicharacter
quasiconformal
quasicontinuous
quasiconvex
quasicrystallography
quasigroups
quasilinear
quasimodular
quasinilpotent
quasinormable
quasinormal
quasinormally
quasisimilarity
quasistrong
quasisymmetrically
quaternion
quaternionic
quaternions
quivalence
ralisation
rationnels
realcompact
realizability
rearrangment
rearrangments
reciprocities
rectangularity
remplissage
rentielles
representability
resolvability
resolvents
restreintes
riemanniennes
rotationally
satisfaisant
saturatedness
semicommuting
semicontinuity
semicontinuous
semicrossed
semidefinite
semiderivation
semidirect
semidualizing
semigroups
semihereditary
semilattices
semilinear
semimodular
semiperfect
semipermutable
semiprimitive
semiregular
semisimple
semisolvable
semistandard
shapedness
simplement
simplicial
singularit
singuliers
smoothability
solenoidal
solvability
specialisation
specialisations
spectrales
spiralling
squarefree
stratifications
subadditivity
subalgebra
subalgebras
subbundles
subcartesian
subcategories
subcategory
subderivatives
subdifferentiable
subdifferential
subequalizers
subexponential
subfactors
subfoliations
subgradient
subharmonic
subhomogeneous
subintervals
sublaplacian
sublattices
submanifold
submanifolds
submersions
submodules
subretracts
subsemigroup
subsemigroups
subtournaments
subvarieties
subvariety
summability
superadditive
supercompact
supercritical
supercuspidal
supercuspidals
superdiffusive
supergroup
supergroups
superharmonic
superlinear
superpairs
superprocess
superrecurrence
superreflexive
superreflexivity
supersingular
supersolvable
surjective
symmetrized
symplectic
symplectique
tessellations
tetrahedra
threefolds
topologique
toposienne
torsionless
totalement
transvection
transvections
travelling
triacontagon
triangularizability
triangularization
triangulations
trinomials
tripartitions
trivectors
tzenberger
ultrafilter
ultrafilters
ultrametric
ultrapower
ultrapowers
ultraproducts
ultraspherical
uncomplemented
uncountably
unfoldings
unicoherent
uniformities
unimodular
univalently
univariate
universels
unoriented
unperforated
upcrossings
utpjournals
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