什么是星际2人族开局的111开局?

人类与最优解之间的距离--------围棋智力游戏的巅峰
关于AlphaGo,近期信息量最大的二十个问题
为读者提供最有价值的观点
发表于&&03/21
10:45&&&约20分钟
多位计算机科学家共同讨论人机大战带来的思考和启示。
  新华网思客和中国计算机学会青年计算机科技论坛(CCF&YOCSEF)在13日举办了一次特别论坛,邀请了多位计算机科学家就人机大战背后的技术、产业、前景、风险等问题进行了讨论,活动由YOCSEF候任副主席何万青、YOCSEF
AC委员白瑞雪共同主持。本文根据论坛内容整理而成。
怎样评价AlphaGo的胜利?
  第一,这是我们领域重大的进步。第二,这只是一个有限的进步。因为无论国际象棋还是今天的围棋,都属于封闭问题。封闭事件意味着一定存在一个最优解,只不过今天我们的能力不一定能够一眼看得到。所以,对于机器的胜利,围棋手不用惊慌,围棋作为人类智力活动还会长久存在下去。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
  AlphaGo将深度卷积神经网络结合增强学习,标志着“知行合一”的人工智能系统走上历史舞台。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
  深度学习的人工智能颠覆了围棋界。它的算法既然能够在一朝一夕超越前人几十年的围棋研究成果,应用在其他领域使人类获益的程度也是可以想见的。
     ----由小川(清华航天航空学院计算力学副教授、清华围棋基金秘书长)
  人类不要再骄傲,我们有我们的“感觉”,但计算机已经可以做到这一点,并且做得非常好。
        ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
  人工智能正在进入并改变每个行业。
     ----蒋涛(CSDN(中国开发者网络)创始人、极客帮创投创始合伙人)
  人机大战只是一个普通事件,类似这样的成果随时随地都在发生。
         ----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
AlphaGo现在值多少钱?
  当时公司被买的时候4亿英镑,将近6亿美元,现在至少翻四到五倍吧。我觉得20亿到30亿美元是比较合理的价格。这次比赛结果如果是以5:0横扫人类棋手(注:访谈当天比分为3:0),价格还得涨。
     ----蒋涛(CSDN(中国开发者网络)创始人、极客帮创投创始合伙人)
AlphaGo会犯错吗?
  AlphaGo在其计算能力之外还是有很多弱点的,它每时每刻都在犯错,我们是否能够抓住错误是关键。我们知道现在围棋还没有找到真理,每一步棋都是有措施的,那么错误肯定存在。
        ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
  机器不能穷尽所有变化,在有限选点做深度计算,肯定有看漏的地方。对于一些细小局面之间的区别,人的逻辑计算其实比它要快,所以那时候它可能会出现小的失误,但是如果能够在小的失误上积累经验,后半盘它会越来越精密,因此对人来说存在战术策略的选择问题。随着AlphaGo更多地与职业棋手对弈,机器一定是存在弱点的,这个弱点也是可以被利用的。
     ----蒋涛(CSDN(中国开发者网络)创始人、极客帮创投创始合伙人)
怎么看AlphaGo的高能耗问题?
  人脑功率大概20瓦,就同样的人脑计算能力而言,现在“天河二号”跟人脑的计算能力是相当的,但天河的功率消耗应该是百万瓦到千万瓦这样的规模,所以人脑是非常高效的。未来人工智能机器如果不能实现这种高效,也就无法超过人类的智能水平,这是肯定的。那么,在物理工艺原理和算法上一定要有大的进步,这两个因素加在一起,未来会解决机器效率的问题。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
AlphaGo对解决NP问题有何启发?
  AlphaGo使用概率的决策方法也就是蒙特卡洛方法解决NP问题,即对于没有确定性解的不确定的问题,用一个概率近似的解代替精确解。这个方法在AlphaGo方面运用得很成功,是用概率方法解决NP问题的一个范例。
         ----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
神经网络“黑箱”对科学发展是好是坏?
  黑箱并不是不好,我们知道它的原理,但没有能力跟踪所有信息并推理出它后面更高级的东西。是不是能造出大师来,我们拭目以待。
       ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
  计算机可能给出解,但不能总结成规律性的东西。人可以根据计算机给出所谓的最优解,从人类角度理解它、描述它,并教人类怎样学习电脑。人可以把直觉用美学逻辑表达出来,写成书让其他人学习,这是人类最引以为傲的事情。
     ----由小川(清华航天航空学院计算力学副教授、清华围棋基金秘书长)
  我不是特别同意。在特定局面下,没有人能讲清楚最优解是怎么来的。
       ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
  至少从目前来看,是有可能实现的。把计算机下得为什么好的道理用人能理解的方式解读出来,这是职业棋手能做到的。
     ----由小川(清华航天航空学院计算力学副教授、清华围棋基金秘书长)
  最本质的问题是直觉智能。我相信直觉智能是区分爱因斯坦和很多其他科学家的东西。就像新司机跟老司机,新司机是背交规的,老司机已经熟悉了。另外一个问题是通用意义上的,人通常能够在直觉之上进行沉淀,总结、沉淀成规律,现在我们无法证明机器不能干这个事。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
人工智能等于人的智能吗?
  千万不要把人工智能和人的智能等同起来,“人工智能”确切翻译是人造的功能,可高可低可长可短,要达到真正人的智能还有很远。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
机器深度学习有上限吗?
  没有上限。不光作为符号没有上限,人类原来认为自己专有的感情和感觉,计算机也实现模拟了。我们不能证明那个模拟的东西和人类固有的感情和感觉有本质差异。
        &----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
  我说说保守主义的想法。第一,我不完全认为深度学习就应该是现在这个样子。深度学习更多的应该是提供一个端到端的解决思路。以往我们解决人工智能问题都是切开一个一个模块做,老死不相往来,都认为自己做的最好,结果拼在一起对不上。深度学习能不能找到最优解,每个模块都需要为最终的结果服务。第二,现在我们有不同的网络结构,这些网络结构是不是能解决所有的问题?就我自己做的图象视觉领域来讲,这是非常好的结构。也有人把它做到语言学上去,但在语言学上远远不像在图象视频上这么乐观。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
  我更关心的是可实现性。回到AlphaGo这件事,如果说棋盘上的真理存在的话,我会考虑两个问题。第一,我们从计算复杂度来讲,多快可以逼近真理。第二,从统计复杂度来讲,有多少个数据可以让我们去学习,从而逼近那个真理。除了围棋以外,我们人类还会攀登一个又一个高峰,每个高峰都是值得算法专家、计算机系统专家花很大精力去做的事情。
        ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
国内有实力做出AlphaGo吗?
  别人做、我们再做,不代表创新。每一个第一次发生的创新,背后都是长达十年以上的积累。很多事情就是捅破窗户纸的问题,捅破窗户纸容易,但找到哪个窗户很难。这件事上我觉得中国公司不能浮躁。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
中国人工智能在国际上处于什么水平?
  学术水平和顶尖会议对于我们这个行当是必不可少的。包括在美国那些学者当中,我们发现所有文章大概有60%、70%都有华人作者的影子。第二,最顶尖的人工智能会议上,来自中国的团队几乎都是第二大的团队,仅次于美国。我想呼吁一下,我们的工业界需要往前跨一步,工业界和学术界的合作要尽快跟上。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
认知科学国内水平如何?
  现在国内大约有十几个大学科研机构建立了认知实验室和专门机构,国内也成立了认知科学协会,比如中科院是搞电生理脑细胞计算的,清华大学也有认知科学实验室,我本人是在清华大学心理认知科学做的博士后。我觉得还是有差距的,国外有很多认知科学杂志,我们还没有很专业的杂志,而且这个学科还没有列到教育部的正式学科目录之内。我们的科研成果有一些,但是世界顶级的成果还很少,总体来说差距还是比较大。
         ----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
怎样在中国发掘DeepMind这样的公司?
  这方面的公司要求是比较高的。第一,你要有深度学习顶尖的专家,这个人群全世界都非常少。第二,你要有相当大的资源。我想,中国有这样的实力,因为我们有人才也有财力。下一步肯定会迎来中国人工智能和深度学习的创业热潮,各大公司都会有所投入。高校和工业界必须加强合作。
     ----蒋涛(CSDN(中国开发者网络)创始人、极客帮创投创始合伙人)
机器能谈恋爱吗?
  既然人类是被造出来的,那就没有理由证明同样是被造出来的机器不能够产生感情。
        ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
  我们无法证明机器不能拥有感情。我们原来认为感情是人类专有的,因为它是连续变量而不是离散的,一个人的感情不可能像0和1那样间断。但是现在看来,传感器的物理量是连续的,用一个物理事件构成的电子线路完全可以模拟人的感情的物理状态。如果感情是一个生理现象,就是一个可描述的物理状态,那么物理状态在电子线路里是可在线的,或者说原理可在线。如果感情是一个意识现象,意识现象是数学可描述的,由人工意识来描述,那么人工意识也是可以在线的人的意识。实际上,感情计算在计算机行业也是比较热门的,当然现在的感情计算大部分局限于描述感情的那些自然语言和面部表情的计算。一些研究已经介入到人体,比如在具有某种感情的时候心电图、脑电图、心率生理信号的计算。这些物理信号描述的感情是计算机系统可以再造模拟的,因此感情是机器可以制造的,而且现在已经局部地实现了。
         ----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
未来有机器能预测一个人情感上是否专一吗?
  这个机器是能做出来的。收集所有婚外情数据,我就可以精确判断他是否有可能,这就是大数据和深度学习的美妙之处。你有足够的数据,我们有足够好的算法,加上我们足够强大的计算能力,这个事情是绝对可以做到的。
        ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
机器未来会导致人类大规模失业吗?
  我们回过头来看人类社会,早期每个人都在地里,靠耕地才能养活自己,后来一半人耕地,其他人从事其他职业。再往后,我们从一周工作七天到六天再到五天,工作时间不断缩短。这说明,只要社会公平合理地分配,我们将来可以让大家做更短时间的工作,有更长时间的休息,换句话说,单位报酬获得工资更高。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
  不用担心。过去的三次工业革命产业革命,每次都很大地提升了效率。从一个社会稳态过渡到另外一个稳态,中间会发生有些人失业的问题,但他很快又会进入另外一个稳态,并没有大规模的失业。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
在未来机器是不是也可以造机器人?
  有这个可能。机器为了优化它的目标,可以不择手段,就像电影里面的机器,为了逃出别墅会表现出有情感、有爱心,好骗过人类。机器通过图灵测试没问题,但是它可能是装出来的,这是机器可怕的地方。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
怎么看待“AI威胁论”?
  资源到最后还是存在瓶颈,智能还是要服从物理定律的。从信息论的边界来讲,你有多少数据、提供多少信息,决定了机器的智能能力。至于今天,我们更不用担心。前几天我看到一段视频讲到美国的机器人比赛,绝大多数机器人在开门这件事情上都摔打了,搞不定。有个玩笑说,人类老是担心机器人颠覆人类,其实很简单,你把门关上就好了。在我们有生之年不需要担心机器人的威胁。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
  我想说说机器伦理的话题。比如无人驾驶,马上判断要出车祸了,是撞上路边的人还是损伤车上人,这是很难的问题。假设机器在控制车,后果应该由谁负责?这是一个很迫切的、或许行业很快会面临的问题。另一方面,掌握大量计算资源、数据和权利的机构或人,能力会超出现在的想象力。比如拿机器一照就知道你有没有婚外情,一照就知道你有没有犯罪倾向,又有机构用所谓的天眼系统随时追踪你,这种事情合理不合理,是我们下一步面临的挑战。
     ----蒋涛(CSDN(中国开发者网络)创始人、极客帮创投创始合伙人)
  每一个进步都有人高兴有人害怕。老祖宗认为照相会摄取灵魂,火车会让老祖宗躺在地下不得安宁,而我们今天不会去想这些事情。因此,只要目标设定合适,不用担心这个那个。这个事件对人工智能研究者来讲,是我们的机遇;对于围棋手来讲,该干嘛干嘛;对于大众,生活将变得更便捷。
  人之所以为人,最厉害的在于我们通过繁殖保存下去。不给机器构建这个欲望,它就不会对你构成威胁。制造出一个围棋机器人,它不会自己蹦出来下跳棋。至于安全担忧,战争不是简单推演来的,如果当年没有东风,曹操的船就不会被烧掉。因此,很多事情是由诸多社会因素构成,不仅仅是计算能力的问题。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
如果机器也有了繁衍后代的欲望呢?
  这种情况也是有可能的。我们说机器人很牛,但我可以把电源拔掉。但是,一旦防止别人拔电源成了机器人完成任务的必须手段,它就会在它采取的决策里面不让你拔电源,比方说跟你打架,或者把你干掉。当然,现在讨论这些问题是应该的,但是要有度,因为这一天其实还很遥远。围棋的方寸世界是很简单、很确定的,在其他复杂问题里怎么实现机器自我提升的高境界,还是不容易的。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
哲学范畴的人类终极之问会不会变得更加无解?
  相反,我觉得这个会越来越简单。传统的哲学观点认为人是世界的一极,世界的划分是主观和客观、意识和存在。但强人工智能的观点应该引起重视,因为细究起来,意识也是宇宙之内的,和芯片这次下棋做的事情一样,连接方式也一样。
  至少现在看来,人的独特地位、独特特征并没有得到充分证明,无论是在哲学还是自然科学上。图灵最初建立图灵模型的时候,描述所有计算最本质的特点就是进行图灵计算,他说图灵计算也就是人进行思考的一种行为,我们今天看到的人机大战机器进行的也是图灵计算。有一种函数是图灵不可计算的,从建立图灵计算模型到今天积累了十个左右图灵不能计算的问题,比如说哥德尔的语句不能计算,停机不能计算等等。但是现在看来,所有这些图灵不可计算问题,都没有证明人能够计算。所以今天的哲学和自然科学都显示,人机界限至少是越来越模糊----如果我说这个界限不存在的话,人类是不大容易接受的。
         ----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
大咖一句话总结自己的观点
  人机围棋大战是个重要的时刻,但它只是人类历史上连续的一个瞬间。
----陈熙霖(中科院计算所副所长,中国计算机学会副秘书长,视觉、智能领域专家)
  机器下棋赢了,但机器算法是人制造的,理性来看人机大战,仍然是人的胜利。当然,机器作为智能存在走上了历史舞台,我们与其回避它,不如积极主动地驾驭它、控制它。
          ----余凯(地平线机器人创始人&CEO、知名机器学习专家)
  围棋被认为是桌上智力游戏的巅峰。智能围棋首次战胜人类世界冠军,既标志着人工智能的巨大突破,事实上也拉近了人类与最优解之间的距离。
     ----由小川(清华航天航空学院计算力学副教授、清华围棋基金秘书长)
  这件事是人工智能积累到一定程度的必然结果。我不认为这次比赛就此结束,我希望这是一个持续的、长久的、各方都参与的一个活动。
        ----吴韧(NovuMind公司创始人兼总裁、知名计算人工智能专家)
  人类的这种失败可能还会继续出现。
        &----张寅生(中国科学技术信息研究所研究员、认知科学专家)
  围棋界需要进入机器和人共同提高的新时代,这件事对围棋产业界是利好。日本韩国都宣称要进入这个领域,我们可以拭目以待其成绩。
     ----蒋涛(CSDN(中国开发者网络)创始人、极客帮创投创始合伙人)
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以上网友发言只代表其个人观点,不代表新浪网的观点或立场。冰川怎样改变了人类的数量 how did glacier impact the human population 回答要英文的!answer in english!fast!11 in one day (要全!111) 答完有重赏!1 11 最好在一天之内!
伊瓜?0000083
The mountains of Asia, including the towering Himalayas, are facing accelerating threats from a rapid rise in roads, settlements, overgrazing and deforestation, experts are warning in a new report.New calculations by experts with the Chinese Academy of Sciences indicate that China highland glaciers are shrinking by an amount equivalent to all the water in the giant Yellow River each year.There is concern that the region water supplies, fed by glaciers and the monsoons and vital for around half the world? population, may be harmed alongside the area? abundant and rich wildlife."Mountain areas are especially important and particularly vulnerable," said Klaus Toepfer, executive director of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). "These are the water towers of the world and often home to unique wildlife species upon which local people depend for food, medicines and other important materials. They have often been saved from uncontrolled development by their remoteness. But modern engineering methods mean this is no longer the case," he said.The report is being released in advance of the 2005 World Summit in New York taking place in mid-September. There, heads of state will assess the status of implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, including the target of reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.The new report points to a critical gap in the security of the water to billions of people in Asia and the crucial role of sound environmental management for sustainable development.It claims that unchecked and piecemeal development are likely to increase rates of forest loss triggering increased levels of erosion, pollution and other potentially harmful effects. Conversion of pristine areas into farm and grazing land is aggravating the situation.The findings come from a new report entitled "The Fall of Water" launched Monday by IUCN-World Conservation Union and UNEP.glacierAt 22,966 feet, Nepal's Machhapuchhare is considered a sacred mountain. Although people have climbed it, expeditions are very rare, and they are not allowed to summit. (Photo Ian Britton courtesy FreeFoto)Information presented in the report was compiled and supported by researchers from organizations including UNEP, IUCN, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.The study is based on a new way of assessing the direct and cumulative impacts of infrastructure development called Global Methodology for Mapping Human Impacts on the Biosphere or GLOBIO.The method was developed by UNEP? GRID Arendal Centre in southern Norway, the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre in United Kingdom and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.Satellite images reveal that deforestation and unsustainable land use practices may explain why the Asian rivers now have the largest sediment loads in the world and why dissolved nutrients in the water are increasing more than in any other region.This is one of the primary causes for the increasing human drought and flood related disasters in the region, including the latest floods and resultant high number of casualties in China and India, the scientists said.By combining a range of local studies with satellite images from 1960 up to today, the scientists have been able to reveal for the first time the scale of land-use changes in the region.Toepfer said, "The Millennium Development Goals covering poverty eradication and the better supply of sufficient, safe, drinking water up to reversing the spread of disease cannot be met without economic growth. But this needs to be carried out in a way that conserves the life support systems and the ecosystem services they provide. Otherwise it cannot be sustainable for current or future generations."glacierIndia's Pindari Glacier lies at 12,532 feet in the Indian Himalayas (Photo courtesy Travel Himalayas)IUCN Director General Achim Steiner said, "The fragile mountain ecosystems across the world are facing unprecedented threats. Some of these threats such as climate change are irreversible. But it is in our power to put development of these regions on a sustainable path through integrated management which blends economic, social and environmental interests."The researchers said some countries, including China and Nepal, are now acting to develop parks and protected areas aimed at conserving the Asian region? water supplies and wildlife.But the scientists warn that far more effort is needed to extend protection across the region in lowland and mountain areas if the impacts are to be minimized.Christian Nellemann of UNEP? GRID centre in Norway said, "The water from this region impacts over half of the world? population, but less than three percent of the watersheds are protected. Many have become deforested and overgrazed.""Impoverished people often have to settle in the most exposed flood-risk areas, and when the forest is gone further upstream, the floods will hit them severely. This pattern will be repeated annually and will worsen with more extreme climate events unless care is taken to protect larger shares of the watersheds," Nellemann said. "In fact we can support development by doing so, as the floods have great economic and health consequences.""Local indigenous people often see their vital resources exploited, while they benefit little from the development. Further down river, impoverished people are also those that are the most severely exposed to the risk of floods and seasonal drought, as they often have to settle in flood-risk areas," he added. "We have to speed up conservation efforts in these watersheds to ensure safe water resources."The report points out that many Asian rivers have already been affected by deforestation and increased use of water for irrigation, which has been fueled by existing infrastructure developments.Despite the importance of the rivers in the region, only the Tarim has high levels of protection with around 21 percent of its river basin in protected areas or covered by agreements.Cyclists explore the Tarim River Basin. Its 2,179 kilometers (1,354 miles) make the Tarim River in southern Xinjiang province China's longest interior river.(Photo courtesy ) The Tarim River also has the greatest relative water consumption for irrigation. Large areas of pristine wildlife habitats have been laid bare because the river has run dry as a result of demand for water for irrigation to support growing settlements.The rest of the area's rivers, including the Huang He or Yellow R the I the Amu D the Ganges and Salween, have on average just 2.5 percent of their basins protected.While many of these rivers are critical to hundreds of millions of people, seasonal scarcity of water is an increasing problem as are floods as a result of land-use changes such as deforestation and intensive agriculture.The report argues that climate change as a result of the burning of oil, coal and other fossil fuels is likely to aggravate problems with water supplies.Previous studies, carried out by UNEP, ICIMOD and others, have pin-pointed some 50 lakes that have formed in Nepal and Bhutan in recent years as a result of melting glaciers.Experts are concerned that these lakes, held back by soil and stones, could burst their banks sending torrential floods down valleys, threatening villages and homes.The Chinese Academy of Sciences, some of whose members contributed to the "Fall of Water" report, says seven percent of the country? glaciers are vanishing annually and that, by 2050, as many as 64 percent of China? glaciers will have disappeared.An estimated 300 million Chinese live in the country? arid west and depend on water from glaciers for their survival.The report calculates that currently close to half of the Asia? mountain region is affected by infrastructure development and that, by 2030, this could rise to over 70 percent if trends continue unchecked.It claims that the biggest impacts will be on river catchments and wildlife along the Karakoram highway, Pakistan, the Indian and southern side of the Himalayas and in southeastern Tibet and the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of southwestern China.Overgrazing along road corridors in dry regions of Pakistan and China results in erosion and landslides as well as dust storms, the report finds.All countries in the region are likely to see a decline in the abundance of wildlife over the next three decades on current trends of infrastructure development, the researchers said.Lowland areas may see a decline of up to 80 percent in their historic abundance of wildlife, with perhaps as much as a 50 percent decline compared to today for some areas, depending on the measures taken to steer development in more environment friendly ways.Mountain and upland areas could witness a 20 percent to 40 percent decline in wildlife abundance with the report expressing particular concern for the remaining fragile populations of species like the snow leopard, the Black necked crane and Przewalski? gazelle.The Whooper swan has been greatly threatened by overgrazing in wetlands by domestic animals. The mountains are characterized by very scattered smaller productive patches, that become the primary targets for settlements and development, but at great costs to wildlife and with increased risk of organized poaching.floodMany homes have been destroyed by floodwaters along China's Huai River. (Photo by Thorir Gudmundsson courtesy IFRC)Some countries and their wildlife will be more affected than others. Kazakhstan and Bhutan currently have wildlife on 20 percent of their land affected by infrastructure. This could rise to 30 percent by 2030 and 40 percent by 2060.Surendra Shrestha, Director of UNEP? Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, said, "Most serious is the situation in parts of Pakistan, Northern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and South-East Asia, where human population pressures together with unchecked piecemeal development to facilitate activities such as logging can have great impacts on biodiversity and the ability of watersheds to handle monsoon floods."In these countries, up to 80 percent of the productive land area may become severely impacted by development in 2030. While this figure is only 42 percent for China by 2030, this represents a similar impact, because Western China is dominated by uninhabited deserts.Ben ten Brink, of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, says that the new model integrates many different pressures such as climate change, development, land use and pollution, so as to better help identify policy gaps for politicians and managers."The scenario results help us visualize the possible outcomes of different policies. Progress has been shown to be possible, but we need much stronger investment in protecting the water sheds and biodiversity if we are to break the tide and the growing risk to so many people of unchecked piecemeal development," ten Brink added.Most importantly, he said, "We can now begin to assist policymakers and the industry in evaluating cost-benefits of alternative investments in environmental protection. This is a giant leap forward in scientific based management," ten Brink said."The Fall of Water: Emerging threats to the water resources and biodiversity at the roof of the world to Asia lowland from changes associated with large-scale settlement and piecemeal development" is available at:
and www.grida.no and www.unep.org together with graphics and maps 够详细了吧,讲亚洲的
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