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你的论坛积分是关于研究生考试.哪些学校有补分政策?我政治只考了47分，但数学考了146分，总分356_百度知道大学四级-356
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大学四级-356
大学四级-356问答题：&Part Ⅰ Writing
Directions:{{I}} For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Changes in People’s Concept of Consumption in China. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:{{/I}}（1）中国人的消费观念正在改变；
2．现在许多人开始采用信贷方式消费；
3．你的看法。
{{B}}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Changes in People’s Concept of Consumption in China{{/B}}填空题：&Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）
Directions:{{I}} In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y （for YES） ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?if the statement agrees with the information
N （for NO） ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? if the statement contradicts the information
NG （for NOT GIVEN） ? ? ? ? if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.{{/I}}
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Automobiles VS Public Transport
? ?Public transport plays a central role in any efficient urban transport system in developing countries, where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.
? ?The term "public transport" covers many different types of vehicles, but most commonly refers to buses and trains. Rail services fall into four major categories: rapid rail （also called the underground, tube, metro, or subway）, which operates on exclusive rights-of-way （优先行驶权） in tunnels o trams, which move with other traffi light rail, which is a quieter, more modern version of trams that can run either on exclusive rights-of-way or with other traffic: and suburban or regional trains, which connect a city with surrounding areas.
? ?The recent trend in many cities is toward light rail over "heavy" rapid-rail systems. Whereas metros require exclusive rights-of-way, which often means building costly elevated or underground lines and stations, light rail can be built on regular city streets.
? ?The concept of public transport also includes organized car pools, in which several people share the cost of riding together in the same private automobile. For US commuters in areas with inadequate bus and train services, this is the only "public" transport option. But even where other systems are comprehensive, there is vast poten recent research shows that in cities the world over, private cars during commuting hours on average carry just 1.2 ?1.3 persons per vehicle.
? ?Public transport modes vary in fuel use and emissions and in the space they require, but if carrying reasonable numbers of passengers, they all perform better than single-occupant private cars on each of these counts.
? ?Although energy requirements vary according to the size and design of the vehicle and how many people are on board, buses and trains require far less fuel per passenger for each kilometer of travel. In the United States, for example, a light-rail vehicle needs an estimated 640 BTUs （British Thermal Units, measure of energy consumed） of energy per pas a city bus would use some 690 BTUs per passenger- and a car pool with four occupants 1,140 BTUs. A single-occupant automobile, by contrast, consumes nearly 4,580 BTUs per passenger-kilometer.
? ?The pollution savings from public transport are even more dramatic. Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust, but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious. For typical U.S. commuter routes, rapid rail emits 30 grams of nitrogen oxides for every 100 kilometers each rail passenger travels, compared with 43 grams for light rail, 95 grams for transit buses, and 128 grams for single-occupant automobiles. Public transport’s potential for reducing hydrocarbon （碳氢化合物）and carbon monoxide（一氧化碳）emissions is even greater.
? ?Although diesel buses—especially in developing countries—can be heavy polluters, existing technologies, such as filters, can control their exhaust. Buses can also run on less polluting fuels such as propane （丙烷, used in parts of Europe） and natural gas （used in Brazil and China）. Test buses in the Netherlands that run on natural gas are estimated to emit 90 percent less nitrogen oxide and 25 percent less carbon monoxide than diesel engines do.
? ?In addition to reducing fuel consumption and pollution, public transport saves valuable city space. Buses and trains carry more people in each vehicle and, if they operate on their own rights-of-way, can safely run at much higher speeds. In other words, they not only take up less space but also occupy it for a shorter time. Thus, comparing ideal conditions for each mode in one lane of traffic, an underground metro can carry 70,000 passengers past a certain point in one hour, light rail can carry up to 35,000 people, and a bus, just over 30,000. By contrast, a lane of private cars with four occupants each can move only about 8,000 people an hour, and without such car-polling the figure is, of course, far lower.
? ?The availability and use of public transport vary widely in cities around the globe. Since variations in distances and city densities affect the total kilometers of travel, the annual number of trips each person takes by public transport provides a better standard for comparing its importance in various cities. The range of frequency of public transport use is shown in the Table below.
? ?Urban public transport has long been a government priority in Western Europe. All major cities there have high car ownership, but well-developed bus and rail systems are available, and overall public transport typically accounts for between 20 and 30 percent of passenger-kilometers. In recent years, several large cities have stepped up their commitment to public transportation, combining further investments with complementary policies to restrict auto use.
? ?Public transport also plays an important role in urban areas of the Third World. In many cities in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, buses make 50.43 percent of all motorized trips. Buses are sometimes ho it is not uncommon to see several riders clinging to the outside. Yet most Third World cities have lower public transport use per person than those in Western Europe, reflecting the inability of small bus fleets to keep up with population growth. Among the world’s major cities, those in Australia and the United States make the least use of alternatives to the private car. Indeed. Less than 5 percent of U.S. trips are by public transport, but in some cities such as New York City and Chicago, where service is provided extensively, it is used heavily. Indeed, nearly one quarter of the entire country’s public transport trips are in New York City.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table ? ?Dependence on Public Transport in Selected Cities, 1989
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ?Trips: per person per year（1）This passage talks about the advantages of public transport over private cars in large cities.（2）Urban rail transport mainly includes 4 types of vehicles: subway, trams, light rail and regional trains.（3）Large cities prefer light rail to "heavy" rapid-rail systems because light rail requires less construction material.（4）Car pooling is also a means of public transport.（5）In America a light-rail vehicle consumes more energy than a city bus does per passenger per kilometer.（6）Pollution from rail transport is usually measured from the motor exhaust.（7）Besides saving energy and reducing air pollution, public transport occupies much less city space than private cars.（8）The table shows that the ______ number of trips each person in Beijing takes by public transport is 107.（9）In almost all of the major Western European cities private car transport accounts for between 70 and ______ percent of passenger-kilometers.（10）In many cities of the developing countries, buses are occasionally so crowded that it is quite ______ to see buses running around with passenger hanging to their doors and windows.单选集题：&Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Directions:{{I}} In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A）, B）, C） and D）, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.{{/I}}（1）{{B}}Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.{{/B}}单选集题：&Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（1）单选集题：&Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（1）单选集题：&Section B
Directions:{{I}} In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B）, C） and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.{{/I}}（1）{{B}}Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.{{/B}}单选集题：&Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（1）单选集题：&Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（1）填空集题：&Section C
Directions:{{I}} In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.{{/I}}（1）Holidays and the start of a new year {{U}}?（36） ?{{/U}} make us think about how we can {{U}}?（37） ?{{/U}} ourselves, and have the life we want in the future. We make resolutions—I must lose weight, I will save more money—and then lose our way. That’s because we aren’t {{U}}?（38） ?{{/U}} our resolutions with who we are inside. We’re more likely to succeed if we work on {{U}}?（39） ?{{/U}} our inner, real selves, {{U}}?（40） ?{{/U}} who we already are, and then take a chance to change how to make the custom. Here are three tips for making the new year better in a real way,
? ?Firstly, let your values be your guide—There are plenty of people who will tell you what should be {{U}}?（41） ?{{/U}} to you, if you let them. Friends, co-workers, family, even the mass media, bombard us with opinions and ideas. Don’t just {{U}}?（42） ?{{/U}} what others say. {{U}}?（43） ?{{/U}} for yourself what matters most and let those values set your course. Secondly, take a long-term view—{{U}} ?（44） ?{{/U}}. Similarly, life doesn’t get better in a moment. Change happens slowly, step-by-step. Have the patience to see it through. Thirdly, define yourself as beautiful—fewer than five percent of us believe we are beautiful, {{U}}?（45） ?{{/U}}. You may not fit the mass media image of conventional, external beauty, {{U}}?（46） ?{{/U}}.填空题：&Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）
Directions:{{I}} In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the blank more than once.{{/I}}
? ?The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects {{U}}?（47） ?{{/U}} taste, the way people see themselves and the {{U}}?（48） ?{{/U}} they have about their lives, the restrictions on money {{U}}?（49） ?{{/U}} to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on that money, and the influence of current {{U}}?（50） ?{{/U}}, cultivation, surroundings and locality.
? ?Shopping is an important human activity. Yet shoppers are faced with a {{U}}?（51） ?{{/U}} situation and an rapidly changing one. The confusion {{U}}?（52） ?{{/U}} from the claims made by advertising, from {{U}}?（53） ?{{/U}} information about new products, new materials, new places to shop—a confusion enhanced by rising prices and an wider choice of goods than ever before. The {{U}}?（54） ?{{/U}} for the right purchase is based on ignorance of one’s own needs and ignorance of the product’s fitness for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might {{U}}?（55） ?{{/U}} some guidance. Yet none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially. Even if you find one, she may quite {{U}}?（56） ?{{/U}} not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife working part-time.
A） available ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?I） fantasies
B） average ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?J） generally
C） innocently ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? K） provide
D） disgusting ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? L） convention
E） inadequate ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? M） search
F） expectation ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? N） raises
G） arises ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? O） confusing
H） personal（1）（2）（3）（4）（5）（6）（7）（8）（9）（10）单项选择题：&Section B
Directions:{{I}} There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A）, B）, C） and D）. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.{{/I}}
Passage One
? ?The fact that blind people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies apart from their eyes may help us to understand our feelings about color. If they can sense color differences then perhaps we, too, are affected by color unconsciously.
? ?Manufacturers have discovered by trial and error that sugar sells badly in green wrappings that blue foods are considered unpleasant, and the cosmetics should never be packaged in brown. These discoveries have grown into a whole discipline of color psychology that now finds application in everything from fashion to interior decoration. Some of our preferences are clearly psychological. Dark blue is the color of the night sky and therefore associated with passivity and calm, while yellow is a day color with associations of energy and incentive. For primitive man, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking, while he soon saw as red, the color of blood and rage and the heat that came with effort. And green is associated with passive defense and self-preservation. Experiments have shown that colors, partly because of their physiological associations, also have a direct psychological effect. People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat, red is exciting. Similar exposure to pure blue has exactly it is a calming color. Because of its exciting connotations, red was chosen as the signal for danger, but closer analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alertness and alarm, so fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop the traffic dead.（1）Which of the following could be the most suitable title?（2）Manufacturers found out that color affects sales ______.（3）Which of the following does NOT happen if people are exposed to bright red?（4）Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?（5）Our preferences for certain colors are ______.单项选择题：&Passage Two
? ?It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.
? ?Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicions in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learns to swing a baseball bat.
? ?Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer with that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold dp to 100,000 "words"—ready for instant use. An average U.S. teenager probably recognizes the meaning of about 100,000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight.
? ?The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person’s memory is in terms of words and combinations of words.（1）According to the passage, memory is considered to be ______.（2）The phrase "in terms of" in the last sentence can best be replaced by ______.（3）What does the passage imply?（4）The topic of the passage is ______.（5）The comparison made between the memory capacity of a large computer and that of a human being shows that ______.问答题：&Part Ⅴ Short Answer Question
Directions:{{I}} In this part there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words （not exceeding ten words） on Answer Sheet 2.{{/I}}
? ?Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or, in winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some kind—football, hockey, golf, or tennis. It may be mountaineering.
? ?Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused, probably, by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.
? ?Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made roles, as there are for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made roles that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.
? ?If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a "team game". We should not be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no "matches" between "teams" of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obviously teamwork.
? ?The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. This sport requires high mental and physical qualities.
? ?A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions axe in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for men of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than young men, but they probably climb with more skills and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.（1）The topic of this passage is ______.（2）Why are mountain climbers often looked upon with astonishment?（3）What makes mountaineering attractive, according to the passage?（4）What mistaken idea might people have about mountaineering, compared with other sports?（5）The elder mountain climbers can experience the same enjoyment as the young because ______.填空题：&Part Ⅵ Translation
Directions:{{I}} Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets.{{/I}}（1）________________________（无论遇到什么困难）, we’ll help one another to overcome them.（2）I suggested ________________________（他要适应新的环境）.（3）________________________（直到天黑了） that she realized it was too late to go home,（4）________________________（尽管他很爱她）, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.（5）I recognized her ________________________（我见到她的那一刻）.
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