From Thomas-Krenn-Wiki
& vmstat (virtual memory statistics) is a valuable monitoring utility, which also provides information about block IO and CPU activity in addition to memory.
vmstat provides a number of values and will typically be called using two numerical parameters.
Example: vmstat 1 5
1 -& the values will be re-measured and reported every second
5 -& the values will be reported five times and then the program will stop
The first line of the report will contain the average values since the last time the computer was rebooted. All other lines in the report will represent their respective current values. Vmstat does not need any special user rights. It can run as a normal user.
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
(Source man vmstat):
r: The number of processes waiting for run time.
b: The number of processes in uninterruptible sleep.
swpd: the amount of virtual memory used.
free: the amount of idle memory.
buff: the amount of memory used as buffers.
cache: the amount of memory used as cache.
inact: the amount of inactive memory. (-a option)
active: the amount of active memory. (-a option)
si: Amount of memory swapped in from disk (/s).
so: Amount of memory swapped to disk (/s).
bi: Blocks received from a block device (blocks/s).
bo: Blocks sent to a block device (blocks/s).
in: The number of interrupts per second, including the clock.
cs: The number of context switches per second.
These are percentages of total CPU time.
us: Time spent running non-kernel code. (user time, including nice time)
sy: Time spent running kernel code. (system time)
id: Time spent idle. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time.
wa: Time spent waiting for IO. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, included in idle.
st: Time stolen from a virtual machine. Prior to Linux 2.6.11, unknown.
A standard audio file will be encode as an MP3 file by means of the lame encoder in this example. This process is quite CPU intensive and also demonstrates the execution of vmstat in parallel with a user CPU time of 97%:
[user@fedora8 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
0 356 271852
0 364 273256
0 364 274532
0 368 275780
0 368 277192
[user@fedora8 ~]$
In this example, a file will be filled with random content using dd.
[user@fedora9 ~]$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=500MBfile bs=1M count=500
For this, /dev/urandom will supply random numbers, which will be generated by the kernel. This will lead to an increased load on the CPU (sy - system time). At the same time, the vmstat executing in parallel will indicate that between 93% and 97% of the CPU time is being used for the execution of kernel code (for the generation of random numbers, in this case).
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
The time for executing system calls will be counted as system time (sy).
In this example, many applications will be opened (including VirtualBox with a Windows guest system, among others). Almost all of the working memory will be used. Then, one more application (OpenOffice) will be started. The Linux kernel will then swap out several memory pages to the swap file on the hard disk, in order to get more RAM for OpenOffice. Swapping the memory pages to the swap file will be seen in the so (swap out - memory swapped to disk) column as vmstat executes in parallel.
[user@fedora8 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora8 ~]$
A large file (such as an ISO file) will be read and written to /dev/null using dd.
[user@fedora9 ~]$ dd if=bigfile.iso of=/dev/null bs=1M
Executed in parallel, vmstat will show the increased IO read load (the bi value).
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
In contrast with the previous example, dd will read from /dev/zero and write a file. The oflag=dsync will cause the data to be written immediately to the disk (and not merely stored in the ).
[user@fedora9 ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=500MBfile bs=1M count=500 oflag=dsync
Executed in parallel, vmstat will show the increased IO write load (the bo value).
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
In the following example, an updatedb process is already running. The updatedb utility is part of . It examines the entire file system and accordingly creates the database for the locate command (by means of which file searches can be performed very quickly). Because updatedb reads all of the file names from the entire file system, the CPU must wait to get data from the IO system (the hard disk). For that reason, vmstat running in parallel will display large values for wa (waiting for IO):
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat --help
usage: vmstat [-V] [-n] [delay [count]]
-V prints version.
-n causes the headers not to be reprinted regularly.
-a print inactive/active page stats.
-d prints disk statistics
-D prints disk table
-p prints disk partition statistics
-s prints vm table
-m prints slabinfo
-S unit size
delay is the delay between updates in seconds.
unit size k:1000 K:1024 m:1000000 M:1048576 (default is K)
count is the number of updates.
[user@fedora9 ~]$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat -V
procps version 3.2.7
[user@fedora9 ~]$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat -a
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
inact active
cs us sy id wa st
[user@fedora9 ~]$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat -d
disk- ------------reads------------ ------------writes----------- -----IO------
total merged sectors
total merged sectors
[user@fedora9 ~]
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat -D
0 partitions
273820 total reads
63034 merged reads
read sectors
2395193 milli reading
116450 writes
438666 merged writes
4467248 written sectors
milli writing
0 inprogress IO
1412 milli spent IO
vmstat -p will not work under Fedora: . The following report comes from an Ubuntu 9.10 system.
user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ vmstat -p /dev/sda9
read sectors
requested writes
user@ubuntu-9-10:~$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat -s
total memory
used memory
active memory
inactive memory
free memory
buffer memory
swap cache
total swap
161467 non-nice user cpu ticks
7586 nice user cpu ticks
46310 system cpu ticks
1108919 idle cpu ticks
46832 IO-wait cpu ticks
2694 IRQ cpu ticks
2452 softirq cpu ticks
0 stolen cpu ticks
6947021 pages paged in
1116896 pages paged out
183 pages swapped in
3744 pages swapped out
9985406 interrupts
CPU context switches
15072 forks
[user@fedora9 ~]$
[user@fedora9 ~]$ vmstat -m
fuse_request
fuse_inode
rpc_inode_cache
nf_conntrack_expect
nf_conntrack
kmalloc_dma-512
sgpool-128
scsi_io_context
ext3_inode_cache
ext3_xattr
journal_handle
journal_head
revoke_record
flow_cache
mqueue_inode_cache
isofs_inode_cache
hugetlbfs_inode_cache
shmem_inode_cache
xfrm_dst_cache
blkdev_queue
biovec-256
biovec-128
sock_inode_cache
file_lock_cache
Acpi-Operand
Acpi-Namespace
proc_inode_cache
radix_tree_node
bdev_cache
inode_cache
names_cache
selinux_inode_security
idr_layer_cache
buffer_head
vm_area_struct
files_cache
sighand_cache
task_struct
kmalloc-4096
kmalloc-2048
kmalloc-1024
kmalloc-512
kmalloc-256
kmalloc-128
kmalloc-64
kmalloc-32
kmalloc-16
kmalloc-192
kmalloc-96
[user@fedora9 ~]$
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