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修辞是写作课的基本知识和基本技能。为了大家更好地掌握和理解修辞手段和能顺利按质按量按时完成作业,我们简单再解释一下课本上列出的若干个修辞手段。 Simile(明喻) Simile译作“明喻”,顾名思义它是就两个不同类对象之间的相似之处进行比喻。明喻把打比喻的两者说成是相似的,而暗喻则将两者说成一致。同时,明喻的整个句子结构中含有本体、喻体和比喻词。明喻中常用的比喻词有:like,as?as,as if,similar to等等,此外,比较级结构也可构成明喻。 Tommy runs swiftly as a rabbit.
(汤米跑得像兔子一样快。) Metaphor(暗喻) Metaphor译作“暗喻”,也称作为“隐喻”,与明喻一样,它也是就两个不同类对象之间的相似之处进行比喻,整个句子结构中含有本体(subject/tenor)和喻体(reference/vehicle),而比喻词则不出现。本体指被比喻的对象,喻体指用来做比喻的对象,而在暗喻中被省略的比喻词则在本体和喻体之间起连接介绍作用。当然,也有暗喻句子,省略本体只出现喻体,我们需根据上下文其中的含义。 Ex.1 将下列句子改写成为含暗喻修辞的句子: 1)
A true friend is like a mirror helping you see any dirt on your face.
(一个真正的朋友就像一面镜子,帮你看到脸上哪怕一丝的灰尘。) 2)
Mr. Smith is like a wolf in sheep's skin.(史密斯先生就像一只披着羊皮的狼。) 3)
Life was like a journey full of pitfalls. (生命如旅程充满了困难和危险。) 4)
His voice sounded like a thunder in the dark night.(他的声音听上去犹如黑夜里的雷声。) 5)
Application forms came into his office like a flood. (申请表如雪片一般送到他的办公室。) 6)
The old guy was as cunning as an old fox. (这老家伙像老狐狸一样狡猾。) 7)
Books are like food,some to be tasted,some to be swallowed.and some few to be chewed and digested. (书本就像食物一样,有的品尝一点,有的整个吞下,也有一些要细细咀嚼,慢慢消化。) Personification(拟人) Personification译作“拟人”,是把非人的事物当作人来描绘,而不是将某物比作人。它上那把本来用于人的动词、形容词、名词或代词用来描述大自然其他有生命的或无生命的东西,使其具有人的思想、活动或其他特征。 拟人修辞手法常被用来借物寓情,把人的喜怒哀乐传达到所描写的对象中,从而起到烘托思想感情的作用。拟人手法也可将抽象的概念具体化,更形象直观地表达思想。 例: After the successful interview,she left the company light-heartedly. The gate smiled after her and the sun stretched out its arms to greet her.(借物喻情) Ex.2 翻译下列含有personification(拟人)的句子: 1.The little goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf. 2.Fortune seems to be always bestowing his smiling on you. 3.The sailor took the last look of the ship and said good-bye to her. 4.The hall applauded for his wonderful speech. 5.The cat cries like a baby. 6.All the green grass and trees are the lungs of the city. Metonymy(转喻) Metonymy译作“转喻”,它借某一事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物,相当于汉语的修辞中的借代。在说明或描绘时,不直接说明所指事物的名称,而用某种替代形式。 在转喻的修辞中,我们用某物A来指代某物B,其中事物A和B之间有着密切的联系。 例:
The pen is mightier than the sword.
文章比武器更强大。(作家比武士更强大。) 该句中就采用了转喻的手法,用工具来代替使用工具的人或人所创造的东西,pen替代作家或文章,而sword替代武士或武器。 通常情况下,转喻修辞法可用地名指那里的人们;用盛某物的容器指容器里装的东西;用工具或所有物指常使用该工具的人或该物的所有者。也有借用上的或典故来暗示说话的观点,达到借古喻今。在新闻报道中,人们也常用转喻的形式称呼各类人或事物,给人以幽默而深刻的印象,同时达到简洁的效果。 Ex. 3 找出下列metonymy(转喻)句子中的指代物和被指代物: 1)
The kettle is boiling.
被指代物 2)
The best land here belongs to the crown. 指代物:
被指代物: 3)
People are waiting for the new policy coming from Downing street to solve some social problems.
被指代物: 4)
What you learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 指代物:
被指代物: 5)
Would you like a cup or two, Tom?
被指代物: 6)
Every government should attend to cleaning its own Augean stables.
被指代物: Synecdoche(提喻) Synecdoche译作“提喻”,即不直接说出所指对象的名称,而采取某种替代形式。其表达方式通常为:用一个事物的局部来表示整体,或以整体表示局部;用抽象和具体的概念进行互为替代;单数和复数进行互代;用生产用的原料替代产成品。 例:
She has got five mouths to feed.
她得养活五口人。 以局部替代整体,mouth(嘴巴)表示吃饭的人。 Ex. 4
请做下面练习:(1)找出下列synecdoche(提喻)句子中的指代物和被指代物: 1)
We urgently need more hands at the moment. 指代物:
被指代物: 2)
Everyone needs to wake up the sleeping poet or musician in himself or herself. 指代物:
被指代物: 3) “Aunt Melissa is my admiration.”the little girl said.
被指代物: 4)
Where did you buy this cotton? 指代物:
被指代物: 5)
This child who is so curious of music is going to be a Beethoven,I dare say. 指代物:
被指代物: 6)
Many heads create better ideas. 指代物:
被指代物: Euphemism(委婉/ 婉言) Euphemism译作“委婉”,它是以语气较温和,含义较文雅或模糊的词语来代替粗俗、生硬、直露的说法,其目的是为了避讳、礼貌,让人听上去容易接受。例如不直接说某人死了(died),而说某人去世了(passed away),不直说上厕所(go to the lavatory),而称之为去洗手间(go to the bathroom)。 委婉的表达方式有多种,可体现在语法、构词、变通表达等方面。 语法上常以过去式、情态动词等表示委婉语。如:I was wondering if you could have time to read my thesis. 构词上常用缩略形式表达。如:用Ladies表示ladies' room,W.C. 指代water closet。 变通表达是最常用的委婉语表达方式,根据场合,采用淡化、美化的语言。如:用senior citizen 代替old people。不直接说某人笨(stupid),而说反应不快(a bit slow for his age)。 Ex. 5请将下面含有委婉修辞的句子翻译成中文: 1)“Dad's gone.What shall we do?” 2)
He has breathed his last noble breath. 3)
More attention must be paid to the underachievers in the class. 4)
I'm afraid she can't act that part --- she's a little on me plump side. 5)
&One of my kids wrote four-letter words in his composition,& said the teacher. Irony(反语) Irony译作“反语”,即说反话,用同本意相反的词语来表达本意。这种修辞手法,无论目的如何,其所有的用法都有一个共同点:字面上表达的意思与实际上真正的意思正好相反。 例句1.明明天又冷又阴,却说:
What a nice and warm day today!
(今天天气可真是又好又暖和!) Ex. 6 把下面含有反语修辞的句子翻译成中文: 1.You're telling me! 2.She is as slender as a bucket in the waist. 3.He is as rich as a new-shorn sheep. 4.Prejudice! I like that,when you yourself are full of prejudices! Hyperbole(夸张) Hyperbole译作“夸张”,它借用主观的眼光,运用丰富的想像力,对客观事物在数量、形状或程度上加以渲染以增强表达效果。在夸张的修辞中,我们故意言过其实,增强表达力。 例: For she was beautiful --- her beauty made the bright world dim,and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of a shade. 因为她很美——她的美貌让明亮的世界显得黯淡无光、让她周围的一切看上去像稍纵即逝的影子。 以夸张的手法描绘出该女子的美貌。 由于夸张修辞的独特表现力,常能给读者留下深刻的印象,无论是文学作品还是日常中均很常用。 Ex. 7. 找出夸张性的词语并翻译成汉语: 1.After hearing the news,the woman shed a flood of tears.
夸张性的词语/短语为: 2.He thinks he can grow so tall that he is able to touch the cloud.
夸张性的词语/短语为: 3.The horror movie almost scared us to death. 夸张性的词语/短语为: 4.There was a world of sorrowful reproach in her eyes. 夸张性的词语/短语为: 移位修饰(transferred epithet) 移位修饰/ 转类修饰语指的是将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如: She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights. 矛盾修饰法(oxymoron) 所谓矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用,来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之,它使用两种不相协调,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,以增强语言感染力。在阅读理解解码过程中,矛盾修辞法可以产生出两种强烈的修辞效果。第一,出人意料。由于两部分语义相互矛盾,合并使用有悖常理,所以矛盾修辞强烈碰撞读者的神经思维,起到意想不到,启发思维的作用,为进一步深化理解奠定了基础。例如英语的cruel kindness,汉语的“真实的谎言”和“甜美的复仇”便是矛盾修辞法的具体表现。读到上述那样的矛盾词语组合读者肯定会有出乎意料的感觉。第二,引人入 胜。矛盾词语的冲击会激发读者进一步深化理解的欲望。在仔细推敲这种看似矛盾的语言表达之后,读者会发现矛盾修辞法所表示的语义矛盾不仅符合逻辑,而且使文章更加形象生动,意蕴丰富且深刻。比如:英国桂冠诗人Alfred Tennyson(1809——1892)一句诗: His honour rooted in dishonour stood And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. 他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故, 而那并不诚实的诚实保持虚伪的忠诚。 在这句诗中,诗人巧妙运用dishonour修饰honour, unfaithful修饰faith, falsely修饰true,从而形成一系列的语义对立,产生出了鲜明的矛盾修辞效果。 头韵 头韵(Alliteration)是英语语言学分支文体学的重要术语。头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力. 英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的,但是,面对alliteration,并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如: Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 试译:变化是生活的一部分,而且也塑造了人的意志品德,亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了,你有两种选择:要么痛苦不堪;要么痛快达观。 再如: Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 试译:可以预言,今年冬天将多雪,多冻雨,多泥泞。(原句当中的snowy, sleety, slushy也是非常漂亮的押头韵,译者殚精竭虑,用心可嘉。) Assignment I. Tnanslate the sentences into English: 1. Do not take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 2. The refugees had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists------and dust. II. Guided Writing: Imagine spending two weeks on an uninhabited desert island.In not more than 200 words,describe what you did there.Use the ideas given below.Do not write more man three paragraphs. Title:Shipwrecked. Introduction:Shipwreck—everybody drowned—I clung to a plank—washed up on island. Development:Slept for a long time—woke up—hungry and thirsty—explored island—uninhabited—found plenty of fruit——freshwater spring——tried to hunt wild animals——failed to catch anything——spent days swimming Conclusion: Boat on horizon --- signalled and shouted --- rescued
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